1. FYP 446 /4 Final Year Project 2 Dr. Khairul Farihan Kasim FYP Coordinator Bioprocess Engineering Program Universiti Malaysia Perls

2. Which stage are you now?

3. FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2015/2016 Background of study Problem Statement Objective Literature review Methodology FYP 1-ERT445 2 Credits Proposal Report & Proposal Defense Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature review Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Results and Discussion Data Collection Data Analysis Data Interpretation Chapter 5: Conclusion FYP 2- ERT446 4 Credits Final Thesis & Viva Voce SEM 1 SEM 2

4. Course Outcome CO 1 Ability to conduct research experiments, analyze and interpret data and deduce good conclusion. CO 2 Ability to use techniques and modern tools to solve research problems. CO 3 Ability to plan activities pertaining to research project and execute the plan to meet the required research objectives and datelines. CO 4 Ability to write research report that conforms to standard thesis format and performs verbal presentation.

5. Teaching PlanTeaching Plan and submission dateline

6. Evaluation - Rubric

7. Milestone

8. Title Objective Research scope Research schedule Milestone TIME DURATION JOB DONE!

9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY How will you investigate the question? What will you do and how will you do to achieve you objectives?

10. PROJECT SCHEDULE Milestones Detail activities Linkage between activities Time duration/period Start date and finish date

11. RESEARCH SCHEDULE AND MILESTONE Research Schedules –With timeline –When will you start and finish? –How long will each step take? Research Milestones –When the specific job done.

12. OBJECTIVE SCOPE –WHAT YOU WILL DO TO ACHIEVE YOUR OBJECTIVE? –Step by step –FOR EXAMPLE, YOUR OBJECTIVE IS YOU WANT TO GO TO KL.. SO, YOUR SCOPE IS HOW TO GO TO KL? –1. GO TO THE BUS STATION –2. BUY A TICKET TO KL –3. ????

13. RESEARCH SCHEDULE AND MILESTONE Project milestone template NoActivitiesStart dateFinish dateDuration (Days) Weightage (%)Status of completion (%) Objective 1To extract...1/1/201414/1/201410-37% Step1. To prepare...1/1/20142/1/2014225% (complete!) 2. To...3/1/20147/1/2014325%12% (half complete!) 3. To...8/1/201410/1/2014225%0% (not start yet!) 4. To extract…11/1/201414/1/2014325%0% (not start yet!)

14. Turnitin

15. Logbook

16. Any questions?

17. How to conduct the experiments (Solving a problem)

18. The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way.

19. SCIENTIFIC METHOD RECOGNIZE THE PROBLEM Know what you are trying to find out. RESEARCH THE PROBLEM Use computers, books, and newspapers. Know what other scientists have said about the problem.

20. SCIENTIFIC METHOD FORM A HYPOTHESIS Have an educated guess about what you think the outcome of the experiment may be. DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT Choose your materials. Choose your variables: –Independent – –What you are changing –Dependent - –What you are measuring

21. SCIENTIFIC METHOD PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT Collect data. Repeat multiple times. ANALYZE THE DATA Create charts and graphs to organize your data. Look for similarities and differences.

22. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE WHAT IS IT Evidence relating to or based on an experiment In order for evidence to be considered empirical, it must remain the same no matter who observes the evidence. Empirical e vidence is needed if a theory is going to be accepted. DIFFERENT EVIDENCE Sometimes scientists run similar experiments but get different results. If different information is obtained, scientists must come together and explain their findings. More experiments, more evidence, and more communication is needed to ensure concrete results.

23. SCIENTIFIC METHOD DRAW A CONCLUSION Summarize all your findings. Compare findings to original hypothesis. Keep your conclusion as simple as possible. COMMUNICATION Scientists are a very close community. When an experiment is completed, the results are shared throughout their community. Information may be applied to other experiments, results can be compared, and differences can be explored. New information can strengthen hypothesis or provide information to alter them.

24. VARIABLES in an experiment

25. TYPES OF VARIABLES Independent Variable Something that is changed by the scientist –What is tested –What is manipulated Dependent Variable What is affected by the change in the independent variable –What is observed –What is measured –The data collected during the investigation

26. For Example: PROBLEM Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle. VARIABLES Independent: –Ages of the students –Different ages were tested by the scientist. Dependent: –The time it to put the puzzle together –The time was observed and measured by the scientist.

27. Another Example: PROBLEM An investigation was done with an electromagnetic system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used. The number of paper clips the electromagnet could pick up was measured. VARIABLES INDEPENDENT: Sizes of nails –These were changed by the scientist. DEPENDENT: Number of paper clips picked up –The number of paper clips observed and counted (measured)

28. Doing it over and over and over… Multiple Trials Repeating an experiment proves its reliability and validity. Reliability –Answers are consistent. Validity –Does your experiment show what it is suppose to? Replication –Able to be done by others. –Researchers must be able to do the exact same procedure and get the exact same results. Shows confirmations of ideas and theories.

29. Repetition vs Replication Repeated measures involves measuring the same cases multiple times. Replication involves running the same study on different subjects but identical conditions.

30. ASKING QUESTIONS All scientists begin their journeys by asking questions. How scientists get answers to their questions may vary. Not all scientists will need to perform an experiment to find answers. Some other ways to answer questions are: –Research –Observations –Creating models

31. ASKING QUESTIONS RESEARCH If a scientist has a question, he/she may turned to books, magazines, encyclopedias, or the computer. A scientist may rely on a peer, and ask a fellow scientist for information. Make sure though your information comes from a reliable source. OBSERVATIONS Sometimes looking around you and keeping a log can help answer questions you may have. You need to be subjective when utilizing observations. –Sometimes people only see what they want to.

32. ASKING QUESTIONS MODELS To help demonstrate a problem or a way to solve it, models can be built. Models can help see things that are too small or big, or they can help answer questions from the past or predicting the future. EXAMPLES Research: How the universe was formed Observations: Observing how sunlight affects plant growth Models: Creating a model of the solar system

37. SD – how much the values vary from one another –Does not change predictably as you acquire more data –Calculated SD is the best possible estimate of the SD of the overall population –More data – more precise - but can’t predict whether the SD from a larger sample will be bigger or smaller than the SD from a small sample