1. Introduction to Physical Science Monday, Wednesday, Thursday Tom Burbine tomburbine@astro.umass.edu

2. Schedule December 8 - December 9 – Presentations –5-10 minutes –On how you would teach something you learned in class to your students December 13 – Final –Covers everything from midterm –Can bring in one sheet of paper with anything you wanted written on it –Also, your mineral identification sheets

5. Unit of distance in Astronomy A light-year is the distance that light travels in a year 10,000,000,000,000,000 meters 5,878,625,373,184 miles

7. Life of a Star A star-forming cloud is called a molecular cloud because low temperatures allow Hydrogen to form Hydrogen molecules (H 2 ) Temperatures like 10-50 K

8. Region is approximately 50 light years across

9. Condensing Molecular clouds tends to be lumpy These lumps tend to condense into stars That is why stars tend to be found in clusters

10. Protostar The dense cloud fragment gets hotter as it contracts The cloud becomes denser and radiation cannot escape The thermal pressure and gas temperature start to rise and rise The dense cloud fragment becomes a protostar

12. When does a protostar become a star When the core temperatures reaches 10 million K, hydrogen fusion can start occurring

14. Classification of Stars Stars are classified according to luminosity and surface temperature Luminosity is the amount of power it radiates into space Surface temperature is the temperature of the surface

17. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell plotted spectral type (temperature) versus stellar luminosity Saw trends in the plots Stars did not plot randomly

19. OBAFGKM Oh Be A Fine Girl/Gal Kiss Me http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/tburbine/ASTR223/O BAFGKM.mp3http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/tburbine/ASTR223/O BAFGKM.mp3

20. Most stars fall along the main sequence Stars at the top above the main sequence are called Supergiants Stars between the Supergiants and main sequence are called Giants Stars below the Main Sequence are called White Dwarfs Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

21. wd white dwarfs

22. giant – a star with a radius between 10 and 100 times that of the Sun dwarf – any star with a radius comparable to, or smaller than, that of the Sun

23. Classifications Sun is a G2 V Betelgeuse is a M2 I

24. Main Sequence Stars Fuse Hydrogen into Helium for energy On main sequence, mass tends to decrease with decreasing temperature

26. Things to remember 90% of classified stars are on main sequence Main sequence stars are “young” stars If a star is leaving the main sequence, it is at the end of its lifespan of burning hydrogen into helium

27. Stellar Classifications O, B, A, F, G, K, M A0, A1, A2, … A9 in the order from the hottest to the coolest

28. “Deaths” of Stars White Dwarfs Neutron Stars Black Holes

29. White Dwarfs White Dwarfs is the core left over when a star can no longer undergo fusion Most white dwarfs are composed of carbon and oxygen Very dense –Some have densities of 3 million grams per cubic centimeter –A teaspoon of a white dwarf would weigh as much as an elephant

30. White Dwarfs Some white dwarfs have the same mass as the Sun but slightly bigger than the Earth 200,000 times as dense as the earth

31. White Dwarfs Collapsing due to gravity The collapse is stopped by electron degeneracy pressure

32. Electron Degeneracy Pressure No two electrons can occupy the same quantum state

33. The Sun Will end up as a White Dwarf

34. Neutron Star Neutron stars are usually 10 kilometers across But more massive than the Sun Made almost entirely of neutrons Electrons and protons have fused together

35. How do you make a neutron star? Remnant of a Supernova

36. Supernova A supernova is a stellar explosion. Supernovae are extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months.

38. The last person to see and chronicle a supernova outburst in our galaxy was Johannes Kepler. That was in 1604 rivaled Venus in brightness.

40. Density You could take everybody on Earth and cram them into a volume the size of sugar cube

41. Explosion The collapse of the core releases a huge amount of energy since the rest of the star collapses and then bounces off the neutron core 10 44-46 Joules Annual energy generation of Sun is 10 34 Joules

42. Black Hole After a supernova if all the outer mass of the star is not blown off The mass falls back on the neutron star The gravity causes the neutron star to keep contracting

43. Black Hole A black hole is a region where nothing can escape, even light.

44. Event Horizon Event Horizon is the boundary between the inside and outside of the Black Hole Within the Event Horizon, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light Nothing can escape once it enters the Event Horizon

45. http://www.astronomynotes.com/evolutn/remnants.gif

46. Can you see a Black Hole?

47. No Black Holes do not emit any light So you must see them indirectly You need to see the effects of their gravity

48. Any Questions?