1. Warm-Up Objective:  To understand the interdependence of organisms within ecology.  Warm-Up Question:  What is ecology? What is the difference between a population, community, ecosystem, and the biosphere?

2. 1. Symbiosis  Describe the differences among mutualism commensalism parasitism. Give an example of each

3.  Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the plant fluids, they excrete a liquid called honeydew.  Some species of ants protect aphids from predators. The ants benefit by feeding on the honeydew produced by the aphids. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the aphids and the ants?  A mutualism  B parasite–host  C predator–prey  D commensalism

4.  Use the information below to answer the following.  Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the plant fluids, they excrete a liquid called honeydew.  Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the ladybugs and the aphids?  A mutualism  B parasite–host  C predator–prey  D commensalism

5. 2. Food Chains  Give an example of a  Producer  Consumer  Herbivore  Omnivore  Carnivore

6. Use the infor matio n and the food web below to answ er the follow ing. A marin e envir onme nt provi des a habit at for a variet y of plants and anim als. A small part of a marin e food web is show n below. Whic h of these descr ibes the role of the sand erling in the marin e food web? A produ cer B herbiv ore C carniv ore D omni vore

7.  Use the information and the food web below to answer the following.  A marine environment provides a habitat for a variety of plants and animals. A small part of a marine food web is shown below.  Which of these describes the role of the sanderling in the marine food web?   A producer  B herbivore  C carnivore  D omnivore

8. 3. Biomass and Energy  Which organism would have more a.energy? b.biomass?  A cow or grass?

9.  The energy pyramid on the next slide shows the flow of energy through the organisms in a kelp forest ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean. Use the energy pyramid to answer the following.  How would the populations of other organisms in the energy pyramid be affected if the population of sea urchins suddenly decreased?   A Both the kelp and the sheephead populations would increase.  B Both the kelp and the sheephead populations would decrease.  C The kelp population would decrease, and the sheephead population would increase.  D The kelp population would increase, and the sheephead population would decrease.

11.  What is the lowest level of the energy pyramid that contains carnivores?   A Level 1  B Level 2  C Level 3  D Level 4

12.  Horseshoe crabs are used by fisherman for bait. If the horseshoe crab population were reduced by overfishing, which of these groups of organisms would most likely decrease in number?  A plankton, razor clams, and loggerhead turtles  B sanderlings, loggerhead turtles, and striped bass  C grackles, plankton, and diamondback terrapin  D striped bass, sanderlings, and razor clams

13.  Scientists classify humans as omnivores, based on their teeth. As omnivores, humans eat  A only fungi  B mostly plants and animals  C only animals  D mostly bacteria and fungi

14. 4. The Human Impact  How have humans impacted the environment?  Have we been able to reverse any human influences?

15.  The pesticide DDT was used to kill mosquitoes for many years. DDT entered bodies of water, moved up the food chain, and built up in the tissues of fish. When female bald eagles ate these fish, they produced eggs with very thin shells. The eggs broke when the eagles sat on their nests. The U.S. government banned the use of DDT in 1972. Which of these graphs most likely shows how the ban of DDT affected the bald eagle population?

16. A

17. 5. Biodiversity?  What is biodiversity?

18.  A team of marine scientists is studying biotic and abiotic factors that affect the stability of a deep-sea ecosystem.  The deep-sea ecosystem is a stable ecosystem. Which of these is a characteristic of most stable ecosystems?  A They contain a wide variety of organisms.  B They contain very few organisms.  C Organic nutrients are in short supply.  D Sunlight is not used to make food.

19. 6. Succession  What is succession?

20.  The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.  Hydrothermal vent communities are often destroyed by lava erupting from the ocean floor. After the lava has cooled, different organisms begin to inhabit the area. Over a period of a few years, organisms inhabit the area in the following order:  sulfur bacteria -> crabs -> giant tubeworms -> clams and mussels  Which of these best identifies this sequence of events?  A evolution  B mutation  C succession  D translation

21. 7. Human Impact  What happens when a non-native species is introduced to an ecosystem?

22.  Scientists estimate that 200 non-native organisms have been introduced into Chesapeake Bay. Which of these statements is not true about non-native organisms ?  A They often form mutualistic relationships with native organisms.  B They can deplete the food sources of native organisms.  C They are often aggressive at acquiring and maintaining territory.  D They can prey on native organisms causing them to go extinct.

23. 8. Abiotic vs. Biotic  What is the difference between abioitic and biotic?

24.  A summer camp was built near a lake in the mountains. The campers used the lake for swimming, fishing, and boating. The relationships between three organisms found in the lake are shown below.  Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Which of these factors is biotic?  A water temperature  B mineral nutrients  C freshwater algae  D inorganic sediments

25. 9. Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs  What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph ?