1. How Do You Make Proteins? I.What is mRNA? II.Gene Transcription III.Gene Translation IV.Role of Mutation

2. Structure & Function of RNA Single chain of nucleotides; shorter than DNA Why shorter?

4. Structure & Function of RNA Single chain of nucleotides; shorter than DNA Uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose

5. Ribose vs Deoxyribose

6. Structure & Function of RNA Single chain of nucleotides; shorter than DNA Uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose Uracil (U) replaces __________ (__)

7. DNA mRNA

8. Structure & Function of RNA Single chain of nucleotides; shorter than DNA Uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose Uracil (U) replaces __________ (__) Leave nucleus as template for protein synthesis (mRNA = _____________ RNA)

9. Why make mRNA? - Library Analogy DNA is our instruction manual

11. Why make mRNA? - Library Analogy DNA is our instruction manual Cytoplasm is dangerous to DNA

13. Why make mRNA? - Library Analogy DNA is our instruction manual Cytoplasm is dangerous to DNA Copy gene into mRNA for short-term storage and transport into ___________.

15. I.What is mRNA? II.Gene Transcription III.Gene Translation IV.Role of Mutation How Do You Make Proteins?

16. Transcription in Nucleus Translation in Cytoplasm How do we make proteins from DNA?

17. What is a Transcript?

18. Each Codon codes for 1 amino acid Transcription of DNA into mRNA

19. Gene Transcription Copy (transcribe) genetic instructions of DNA into ________ RNA Polymerase Go to Animation! m

21. Each Codon Codes for 1 Amino Acid

22. Translation of mRNA Ribosome –attaches to ________. –reads mRNA (begins at start codon, AUG) –binds activated tRNA

23. Translation of mRNA Ribosome –attaches to ________. –reads mRNA (begins at start codon, AUG) –binds activated tRNA tRNA (= __________ RNA) –delivers appropriate amino acid to ribosome

24. Go to animation!

25. Each Codon Codes for 1 Amino Acid

26. Go to animation!

27. Review of Protein Synthesis

28. How Do You Make Proteins? I.What is mRNA? II.Gene Transcription III.Gene Translation IV.Role of Mutation

29. Errors in DNA Frequency of Errors –Approximately 3/100,000 bases copied Proofreading and Editing –After DNA is copied, a protein proofreads DNA Mutations –Changes in DNA that go uncorrected –Effect: no change, death, or beneficial

30. Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia

31. Sickle Cell Anemia

32. Why is SSA So Common?

33. Phenylketonurea

34. Summary mRNA transfers genetic code for a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Ribosome reads mRNA and the appropriate Amino Acid is inserted by the tRNA DNA can have mutations (change in nucleotide) which leads to no change, a benefit, or detrimental effects