1. Some mt & cp proteins contain subunits encoded by organelle’s genome

2. Cytoplasmic inheritance 1)first seen as strictly maternally inherited albino variegation no linkage to nuclear genes albinism strictly determined by the mother

3. Cytoplasmic inheritance 1)first seen as strictly maternally inherited albino variegation no linkage to nuclear genes albinism strictly determined by the mother variegation arises because have mix of “good” and “bad” cp Segregate randomly at division

4. Cytoplasmic inheritance 1)first seen as strictly maternally inherited albino variegation no linkage to nuclear genes albinism strictly determined by the mother variegation arises because have mix of “good” and “bad” cp Segregate randomly at division eventually one form predominates

5. Cytoplasmic inheritance Variegation arises because have mix of “good” and “bad” cp Segregate randomly at division eventually one form predominates In plants, cytoplasm comes from the egg most pollen do not have cp or mt

6. Cytoplasmic inheritance Variegation arises because have mix of “good” and “bad” cp Segregate randomly at division eventually one form predominates In plants, cytoplasm comes from the egg most pollen do not have cp or mt can't study genetically, because no way to mix parental organelles

7. Plastid DNA vary between 120 & 217 kB, according to species most are 120-160 kB

8. Plastid DNA vary between 120 & 217 kB, according to species most are 120-160 kB have >20 copies/chloroplast

9. Plastid DNA vary between 120 & 217 kB, according to species most are 120-160 kB have >20 copies/chloroplast encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA

10. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins 1.ribosomal & other proteins involved in translation

11. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins 1.ribosomal & other proteins involved in translation 2.proteins involved in transcription

12. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins 1.ribosomal & other proteins involved in translation 2.proteins involved in transcription 3.proteins involved in photosynthesis

13. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins 1.ribosomal & other proteins involved in translation 2.proteins involved in transcription 3.proteins involved in photosynthesis 4.proteins involved in respiration

14. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins 1.ribosomal & other proteins involved in translation 2.proteins involved in transcription 3.proteins involved in photosynthesis 4.proteins involved in respiration 5.ORFs (open reading frames) sequences capable of encoding proteins but no product has been identified

15. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins in general, tend to be the more hydrophobic subunits

16. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins in general, tend to be the more hydrophobic subunits could have complicated exporting the gene to the nucleus

17. Plastid DNA encode ~ 100 proteins, 4 rRNA &~30 tRNA 5 classes of proteins in general, tend to be the more hydrophobic subunits could have complicated exporting the gene to the nucleus invariably also have subunits encoded by nuclear genes

18. Plastid DNA cpDNA encodes rubisco large subunit, nDNA encodes small subunit, holoenzyme has 8 lg & 8 small subunits

19. Plastid DNA cp gene expression is regulated at all levels 1)transcriptional 2)mRNA stability 3) Translational: light triggers 100x increase in some proteins but only small increase in transcription

20. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus primarily studied during light-regulated cp development light triggers development of proplastids assemble thylakoids, make nearly all the proteins needed for photosynthesis

21. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus primarily studied during light-regulated cp development nucleus controls by sending in proteins including DNA polymerases and proteases cp degrade excess subunits

22. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus cp degrade excess subunits when poison rbcS, rbcL is made but does not accumulate same when poison rbcL with chloramphenicol

23. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus CP signals to nucleus: retrograde signaling ROS

24. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus CP signals to nucleus: retrograde signaling ROS Redox

25. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus CP signals to nucleus: retrograde signaling ROS Redox Mg-protoporphyrin

26. Plastid DNA coordination with nucleus CP signals to nucleus: retrograde signaling ROS Redox Mg-protoporphyrin Genome-uncoupled (gun) mutants are defective in retrograde signaling

27. Plastid DNA Oddities 1)many cp genes have introns introns are self-splicing (type II): no spliceosomes or other enzymes!

28. Plastid DNA Oddities 1)many cp genes have introns introns are self-splicing (type II): no spliceosomes or other enzymes! 2) mRNA editing:many cp mRNAs differ from the gene encoding them an ACG is modified post-transcriptionally to a functional AUG start codon in several tobacco mRNAs; many other post-transcriptional changes have also been identified editing machinery is encoded by the nucleus

29. Plastid DNA Replication By two nuclear-encoded DNA polymerases similar to Pol I of E.coli These enzymes might replicate both cp and mt DNA in plants Replication seems partially coordinated with the cell cycle.

30. Plastid DNA Replication By two nuclear-encoded DNA polymerases similar to Pol I of E.coli These enzymes might replicate both cp and mt DNA in plants Replication seems partially coordinated with the cell cycle. Cp division involves both nuclear and cp proteins

31. Plastid DNA Replication By two nuclear-encoded DNA polymerases similar to Pol I of E.coli These enzymes might replicate both cp and mt DNA in plants Replication seems partially coordinated with the cell cycle. Cp division involves both nuclear and cp proteins Requires crosstalk between cp and nucleus but nucleus has final say

32. Mito DNA range from 6 kb in Plasmodium to 2500 kb (muskmelons)

33. Mito DNA range from 6 kb in Plasmodium to 2500 kb (muskmelons) 7 fold variation in mt genome size within cucurbit family watermelon =330 kb, muskmelon = 2500 kb considerable variation within same species 5 different cytotopes in maize, vary from 540-700kb

34. Mito DNA range from 6 kb in Plasmodium to 2500 kb (muskmelons) reason for large size is unknown human mtDNA encodes 13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA subunits of ATP synthase, NADHdeH, CytBC1 & COX

35. Mito DNA human mtDNA encodes 13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is due to defects in mt-encoded subunits of NADH-deH ND1, ND4 or ND6 mutations all have same effect = loss of vision, sometimes MS-like symptoms

36. Mito DNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! LHON MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) ND1, ND5, TH, TL1 & TV genes can cause it TH,TL1 & TV encode tRNA!

37. Mito DNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! LHON MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes) Others: cyclic vomiting syndrome, cox deficiency, deafness

38. Mito DNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! All show maternal inheritance (used to trace human ancestry)

39. Mito DNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! All show maternal inheritance Penetrance varies depending upon proportion of defective mt

40. Mito DNA defects in mt DNA are nasty! All show maternal inheritance Penetrance varies depending upon proportion of defective mt: average ~ 5 DNA/mt, 100 mt/cell