1. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter 11- part 1: Adolescence Module 5 Physical Development in Adolescence

2. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL MATURATION

3. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Growth During Adolescence Rapid Pace of Physical and Sexual Maturation Adolescence Growth spurt 260

4. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Physical Manifestations of Puberty Rapid growth Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics Changes in body composition Changes in circulatory and respiratory systems 261

5. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Puberty in Girls Begins earlier for girls than for boys –Girls start puberty at around age 11 or 12, and boys begin at around age 13 or 14 –Wide variations among individuals Influenced by environment 261

6. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Onset of Menarche Varies in different parts of world Begins later in poorer, developing countries Influenced by proportion of fat to muscle in body Related to environmental stress 261

7. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Puberty in Boys Penis and scrotum begin to grow at accelerated rate around age 12 and reach adult size about 3 or 4 years later Enlargement of prostate gland and seminal vesicles Spermarche around age 13 263

8. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. What is a secular trend? Earlier start of puberty is example of significant secular trend –Pattern of change occurring over several generations –Trends occur when physical characteristic changes over course of several generations –Result of better nutrition over centuries 262

9. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Primary Sex Characteristics Further development of sex glands –Testes in males –Ovaries in females 262

10. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Secondary Sex Characteristics Changes in genitals and breasts Growth of hair: –Pubic –Facial –Body Further development of sex organs 262

11. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Summary of Changes in Adolescence Sexual Maturation 263

12. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Changes in body composition Body fat –Quantity and distribution of fat Muscle –Quantity and distribution of muscle 263

13. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Changes in Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Increased in strength Increased tolerance for exercise 263

14. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Onset of Puberty Gradual process Roles of hormones (Collaer & Hines, 1995) –Organizational –Activational Endocrine system levels of sex hormones –Feedback loop –Hypothalamus  pituitary gland  gonads(ovaries and testes) 263

15. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Adolescent Growth Spurt Weight increase Skeletal changes Accelerated growth spurt Asynchronicity in growth 264

16. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Timing and Tempo of Puberty Variation of timing and tempo great No relationship between onset and rate of pubertal development Some differences; causes are inconclusive 261

17. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Psychological Impact of Puberty Biological changes can have direct impact on behavior Biological changes can impact self-image which in turn affects behavior Biological changes transform appearance which may affect reactions of others, especially peers 263

18. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Impact of Specific Pubertal Events Females –Menarche Positive attitude  gains in social maturity, peer prestige, self-esteem Negative attitude  greater menstrual discomfort Males –Ejaculation Little research May be related to how culture views masturbation 263

19. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Immediate Impact of Puberty Self-esteem –Modest decline among girls when accompanied by other changes that require adaptation  social context is important 263

20. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Nutrition, Food, and Eating Disorders: Fueling the Growth of Adolescence

21. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Nutritional Problems in Adolescence Poor eating habits –High consumption of junk food/sugar/fats –Large portion sizes –Lack of variety Related health concerns –Obesity –Osteoporosis –Diabetes –Heart disease 265

22. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Pubertal Changes and Eating Disorders Obesity Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia 265

23. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Obesity Ratio of body fat to muscle increases Basal metabolism rate decreases Overall physical appearance changes 20% overweight; 5% obese; 15% seriously overweight 265

24. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Definitions –Anorexia=starvation to maintain low weight –Bulimia=binge and purge eating 1% anorexic and 3% bulimic Higher incidence among females Disordered eating and body dissatisfaction reported across socioeconomic lines 266

25. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Adolescent Health One of healthiest times in life span Relatively low incidence of disabling or chronic illness Secular trend shows decrease in rates of death and disability Medical technology has improved health care for children and youth

26. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Adolescent Health Unhealthy behaviors –Drug use Violence –Self-inflicted and other-inflicted Risky activity –Unprotected sexual intercourse –Drunken driving Period of relative great physical risk  new morbidity and mortality

27. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Brain Development and Thought: Paving the Way for Cognitive Growth

28. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. A No Brainer????? Brain changes Growth spurts No clear 1:1 correspondence 267

29. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Use It or Lose It Brain produces oversupply of gray matter during adolescence which is later pruned back at rate of one to two percent per year 267

30. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Primal Teen ““…as the teenage brain is reconfigured, it remains more exposed, more easily wounded, perhaps much more susceptible to critical and long-lasting damage than most parents and educators or even most scientists had thought.” -- (Strauch, 2003)

31. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. From Research to Practice Immature Brain Argument: Too Young for the Death Penalty? After reading the information on page 268, answer the following questions: –Do you think that the penalty for criminal behavior should be tied to the maturity of a criminal’s brain? Why or why not? –Are there other aspects of physical development that should be taken into consideration in determining a person’s responsibility for criminal activity? 268

32. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Booze It or Lose It! Adolescent brain development produces changes in regions involving dopamine sensitivity and production Adolescents may become less susceptible to effects of alcohol More drinks required to experience reinforcing qualities—leading to higher alcohol intake Alterations in dopamine sensitivity may create more sensitivity to stress, leading to further alcohol use 268

33. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Yawning of the Age of Adolescence Sleep Deprivation Adolescents go to bed later and get up earlier Sleep deprivation takes its toll –Lower grades –More depressed –Greater difficulty controlling their moods –Greater risk for auto accidents 268

34. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Review and Apply REVIEW Adolescence is a period of rapid physical growth, including the changes puberty brings. Adolescents’ response to puberty range widely—from confusion to increased self-esteem. Adequate nutrition is essential to fuel adolescents’ physical growth. Changing physical needs and environmental pressures can induce obesity or eating disorders. 269

35. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Review and Apply APPLY How can societal and environmental influences contribute to eating disorders? 269

36. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. THREATS TO ADOLESCENTS’ WELL-BEING

37. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Why do adolescents use drugs? Pleasurable experience Escape Peer pressure Biological and psychological addiction 270

38. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Alcohol: Use and Abuse Incidence Binge drinking 270

39. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Why do adolescents start to drink? Way of proving themselves Release of inhibitions and tension and reduction of stress False consensus effect 271

40. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. From Activity to Addiction Adolescent alcoholics Alcohol use becomes uncontrollable habit Increasing ability to tolerate alcohol Increasing need to drink ever-larger amounts of liquor to bring about positive effects craved 271

41. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Informed Consumer of Development Hooked on Drugs or Alcohol? Signals Identification with the drug culture Signs of physical deterioration Dramatic changes in school performance Changes in behavior (Adapted from Franck & Brownstone, 1991, p. 593–594) 271

42. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Tobacco: The Dangers of Smoking Incidence Differences: –Gender –International –Racial 272

43. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Why do adolescents begin to smoke and maintain the habit? Advertisements in the media Addiction Parent and peer models Adolescent rite of passage 272

44. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Developmental Diversity Pushing Smoking to the Less Advantaged Tobacco companies carve out new markets by turning to least advantaged Tobacco companies aggressively recruit adolescent smokers abroad 272

45. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. How Many?

46. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Human papilloma virus (HPV) Trichomoniasis Genital herpes Gonorrhea and syphilis 273

47. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Review and Apply REVIEW The use of illegal drugs and alcohol is prevalent among adolescents as a way to find pleasure, avoid pressure, or gain the approval of peers. Despite the well-known dangers of smoking, adolescents often smoke to enhance their images or emulate adults. 275

48. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Review and Apply REVIEW AIDS is the most serious of the sexually transmitted infections, ultimately causing death. Safe sex practices or sexual abstinence can prevent AIDS, although adolescents often ignore these strategies. 275

49. Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Review and Apply APPLY How do adolescents’ concerns about self- image and their perception that they are the center of attention contribute to smoking and alcohol use? 275