1. Volcanoes of the World NMNH

4. Typical Stratovolcano Cross-Section

5. Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea Volcano June 1989 USGS

7. Subway Cave, Hat Creek Valley USFS

8. Rising River, CA Rose et al 1996 ~ 400 cfs 975m (3200’)  18 O = -13.8‰

9. 8 x Rose et al 1996

12. Large Springs Small Springs Rose et al 1996

13. Criss

14. Davisson & Rose 1997

15. Rose & Davisson 1996

18. Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park wsw.jpg

20. Longer, deeper flowpaths

21. A first magnitude spring known as Rising River emerges from the toe of a Holocene age basalt flow on the north end of Hat Creek Valley in northern California. Its annual average discharge rate is 11.3 m 3 /s. The recharge area is 1550 km 2, although most recharge originates as high elevation snow melt 45 km to the south in Lassen Volcanic National Park. A radiocarbon measurement of Rising River spring water resulted in a 0.8 fraction of modern carbon and an uncorrected age determination of 1844 years old. Calculate the mean depth of the aquifer yielding the spring flow, assuming an age of 1844 a and an average porosity of 0.2. Calculate the spring water temperature assuming a local geothermal gradient of 35°C per kilometer and a mean soil temperature of 10°C. Discuss your results and offer possible interpretations.

24. Large Fall River Springs

37. Burney Falls NPS

38. Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park wsw.jpg

46. Topozone