1. Morphology Talib M. Sharif Omer Asst. Lecturer Talib.Omer@soran.edu.iq December 10, 2015 1

2. Outline Types of morphemes Affixation 2

3. Types of Morphemes What are the types of Morphemes? 3

4. Free morpheme Bound Morpheme 4

5. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be stated alone on its own meaning. E.g. Car, speak 5

6. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot be uttered alone with its meaning.  Attached to another one  No basic meaning e.g. Permit inactive played unable 6

7. issues of bound morpheme A bound morpheme may have a meaning but not a basic For example, eats, books both grammatically have meanings. 7

8. Characteristics of free morphemes - They are simple words -Single morpheme -Potential for independent occurrence -They are grammatical morphemes: e.g. but, by, in, not, the, a -They are lexical grammatical use. E,g. he has a dog 8

9. Characteristics of bound morphemes Require another morpheme to make a word. cannot occur independently. It has inflectional affixes It gives different forms of a single lexical morpheme. E.g he has stolen a dog, They are helpful. 9

10. Identify the number of morphemes for each of the following words, and then decide as to whether they are bound or free. - inputs -components -elements -Indo-European -Another notable - Persian -yes -hate -class 10

11. Issues of morphemes A morpheme may have both free and bound He is not a student. Not here is free He isn’t a student. N't is bound morpheme. 11

12. Free morpheme The difference between free morpheme and a word. 12

13. Free morpheme should be without affixes but a word can be with or without affixes. Free morpheme cannot be divided but a word can be divided. e.g. helping, help. 13

14. Are there morphemes that are not word? 14

15. Yes, not of the following morphemes are words such has un, dis, ness, s. 15

16. Can a word is equal to a morpheme? 16

17. Yes, e.g. car, book. 17

18. Affixation 1-Prefixes 2-suffixes 3-infixes 4-supperfixes 18

19. Affixations Affix, is a part that is added to a word which changes its meaning. Affixes that are added to the beginning of a word are called prefixes and one is added is to the end of a word is called suffix. 19

20. Prefixes A prefix is an affix attached before a word, (or root, stem, base). e.g.un as in unkind, in, inaccurate, re, reread. 20

21. Suffixes : Suffix is an affix attached after a word (or stem, base) like, ity, ing, er and ly Pure, purity, quick, quickly speak, speaking 21

22. Infixes: is a part of morpheme that inserted inside a word itself. Such as tooth, teeth, sing, sang take, took, freeze, frozen. 22

23. Superfix: is a part of which can be put above the word(stress). Present subject 23

24. Root What is root? Root is irreducible core of a word with absolutely nothing attached to it. not further analyzable Such as man, book. For example untouchable. Touch is a root 24

25. Stem Stem is a basic unit to which another morphological morpheme is attached. It can be simple or complex word. It is dealing with inflectional affixes. For example untouchables' 25

26. Consider the following words: Dragged, deactivated, impossible, hopefully, unassuming, auctioneers, enlighten, unfriendly, infamous, organisations 1-Identify all roots(bases). 2-Identify all affixes. 26

27. Thank You Any Questions and Comments 27