1. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi Higher mental functions Dr. nabila TOUNSI

2. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi I. Learning: n Learning is a modification of behavior which results from training, observation and experience.

3. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi II. Memory n It has the following types: 1- Short term memory: It is the ability to retain few facts for few minutes to few hours 2-Long term memory: It is the storage of information which can be recalled after several hours or years

4. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi III. Speech :1 n Speech centers: they are present in the dominant hemisphere; commonly (90%) in the left side in the right handed persons, and in the right side in the left handed persons. -A) Sensory speech centers: -1- Visual speech center 2- Auditory speech center

5. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi III. Speech:2 B-General interpretative area ( ideational center or area 39, 40): is a connection between sensory and motor speech centers,It receives impulses from the visual association area (18, 19), auditory association area (22) and sensory association area C) -Motor speech centers: -Broca's area (speech center) -Exner's center (writing center )

6. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi

7. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi n It means inability to express thoughts either by spoken or written words I. Sensory aphasia: a) Visual aphasia: - It is due to lesion of the visual speech center (area 18, 19). The patient can see, but he can't understand the written words. b) Auditory aphasia: -It is due to lesion of the auditory speech center (area 22). The patient can hear, but he can't understand the spoken words. c) General sensory aphasia (ideational aphasia):It is due to lesion in the ideational center (area 39, 40). The patient fails to understand the meaning of the written or spoken words and fails to use the proper words to express his thoughts. Aphasia:

8. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi Aphasia:II a) Broca's aphasia: It is due to damage of the Broca's area (area 44 & 45). The patient can't express himself by spoken words. The muscle of speech are not paralyzed i.e. can use these muscles in other purposes. b) Agraphia: It is due to damage of the Exner's center (area 46). The patient can't write or draw, in the same time, the muscles of the hand are not paralyzed i.e. can use these muscles in other purposes.

9. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi Type Fluent Repetition Comprehension Naming Right-sided Sensory hemiplegia deficits Broca no poor goodpoor yes few Wernicke yes poor poorpoor no some Conduction yes poor good poor no some Global no poor poorpoor yes yes Transcortical yes good poorpoor some yes sensory Transcortical no goodgoodpoor some no motor Transcortical no good poorpoor some yes mixed Anomia no yes good good poor no

10. Perception How we take energy from the environment & convert it into a representatio n that the mind can use

11. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi Types of Agnosia n Visual agnosias – inability to recognise familiar objects e.g. l Prosopagnosia – inability to recognise faces l Agnostic alexia – inability to read l Colour agnosia – inability to retrieve colour information e.g. what colour are bananas l Object agnosia – inability to name objects l Simultiagnosia – inability to recognise a whole image although individual details are recognised

12. PSU CCIS Workshop – February 17 th 2009 KSURHS332 – Dr. Nabila Tounsi APRAXIA -Apraxia* or Dyspraxia:a deficit* or impairment** in performing skilled voluntary movements; when this occurs in children is falls under the category of “developmental dyspraxia”) -Ideomotor Apraxia or Dyspraxia : a problem in the execution or imitation of simple gestures (e.g., wave goodbye, salute, using hammer). The problem occurs in converting a command to a behavior. Etiology is left hemisphere and often involves language areas as well (note: limited gesturing is present in children in the Autism Spectrum).