1. Chemical Bonding Part 3: Covalent Bonds, Chemical Formulas, Structural Diagrams

2. 6. Covalent Bonding

3. Bond with me A chemical bond forms when atoms transfer or share electrons. For example, in a water molecule, each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with the oxygen at the center. This way, all of the atoms are happy with full shells. Almost all elements form chemical bonds easily - which is why most matter is found in compounds.

4. Types of bonds There are a couple different types of bonds. 1. Ionic Bond 2. Covalent Bond 3. Metallic Bond Now, we are going to talk about covalent bonds.

5. 7. Covalent Bonding

6. Cooperating Covalents What is a covalent bond? A bond formed by shared electrons. Also, molecules are groups of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds in a specific ratio & shape. UCSD SuperComputer Center Animation

7. Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons. The bonds between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule are covalent bonds. There are two covalent bonds in a water molecule, between the oxygen and each of the hydrogen atoms. Each bond represents one electron. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms, not transferred.

8. 8. Special information about Hydrogen bonding

9. “M” is for Molecule A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds is called a molecule. Water is a molecule, and so is sugar. Other examples of molecules are methane (CH 4 ) ammonia (NH 3 ) oxygen (O 2 ) nitrogen (N 2 ).

10. Fancy Bonding Sometimes, atoms share more than one electron. Occasionally, they can share 2 or even 3 electrons. These are called double and triple bonds.

11. Chemical Formulas Molecules are represented by a chemical formula. The chemical formula tells you the exact number of each kind of atom in the molecule. For example, the chemical formula for water is H 2 O. The subscript 2 indicates there are two hydrogen atoms in the molecule. The chemical formula also tells you that water always contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.

12. Chemical Formula Take 2 Water is a simple molecule, so the formula is pretty easy. Let’s look at a more complex molecule. Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, is NaHCO 3. That means it has: 1 Sodium (Na) 1 Hydrogen (H) 1 Carbon (C) 3 Oxygen (O)

13. You Try it! Let’s see how you do it. Next to each formula, write the name and number of each element. Chemical FormulaElements - # C6H6C6H6 NH 3 Al(OH) 3 CO(NH 2 ) 2

14. You Try it! Chemical FormulaElements - # C6H6C6H6 Carbon - 6 Hydrogen - 6 NH 3 Al(OH) 3 CO(NH 2 ) 2

15. You Try it! Chemical FormulaElements - # C6H6C6H6 Carbon - 6 Hydrogen - 6 NH 3 Nitrogen - 1 Hydrogen - 3 Al(OH) 3 CO(NH 2 ) 2

16. You Try it! Chemical FormulaElements - # C6H6C6H6 Carbon - 6 Hydrogen - 6 NH 3 Nitrogen - 1 Hydrogen - 3 Al(OH) 3 Aluminum - 1 Oxygen - 3 Hydrogen - 3 CO(NH 2 ) 2

17. You Try it! Chemical FormulaElements - # C6H6C6H6 Carbon - 6 Hydrogen - 6 NH 3 Nitrogen - 1 Hydrogen - 3 Al(OH) 3 Aluminum - 1 Oxygen - 3 Hydrogen - 3 CO(NH 2 ) 2 Carbon - 1 Oxygen - 1 Nitrogen - 2 Hydrogen - 4

18. Structural Diagram The shape of a molecule is also important to its function and properties. For this reason, molecules are represented by structural diagrams which show the shape and arrangement of atoms. A single bond is represented by a bold short line. For example, water would look like this:

19. Structural Diagram - take 2 Double and triple bonds are indicated by double and triple lines. Here are some examples:

20. Structural Diagram - take 3 Of course, real molecules are 3-dimensional, not flat as shown in a structural diagram. For example, methane - CH 4 - has the shape of a 4-sided pyramid called a tetrahedron. Chemical Formula Diagram with Electrons Flat Structural Diagram 3D Structural Diagram CH 4

21. You Try it! Match the structural diagram with its chemical formula. 1. C 2 H 6 2. NaHCO 3 3. HC 2 H 3 O 2 4. C 6 H 6 C B A D

22. You Try it! Match the structural diagram with its chemical formula. 1. C 2 H 6 - D 2. NaHCO 3 - A 3. HC 2 H 3 O 2 - C 4. C 6 H 6 - B C B A D

23. Lewis Dot Molecules We’ve already seen how you draw a Lewis dot structure. The dots represent the valence electrons of an atom. We can draw Lewis dot structures for molecules too. Each element forms bonds to reach one of the magic numbers of valence electrons: 2 or 8. In dot diagrams of a happy molecule, each element symbol has either 2 or 8 dots around it.

24. Lewis Dot Molecule - Example Draw the dot diagram for carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4. 1. List the elements in the molecule Carbon Chlorine

25. Lewis Dot Molecule - Example Draw the dot diagram for carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4. 1. List the elements in the molecule 2. Determine how many valence electrons each element has. Carbon - 4 Chlorine - 7

26. Lewis Dot Molecule - Example Draw the dot diagram for carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4. 1. List the elements in the molecule 2. Determine how many valence electrons each element has. 3. Match the elements so that each atom has 8 (or 2 for H & He) electrons. Carbon - 4 Chlorine - 7

27. Lewis Dot Molecule - Example Notice that with this molecule, each atom has 8 electrons. The shells are all full!!! Each chlorine atom shares an electron with carbon. In return, carbon shares its electrons with chlorine. We can change the drawing to look like this…

28. Lewis Dot Molecule - Example Eventually, this drawing changes into… This one… And finally, into this one….

29. 9. Time for a little music!

30. You Try it! Now, time for you to draw Lewis dot diagrams of molecules!! And count some atoms! Little Book Pg: 3

31. LB: Pg : Bohr Models Bohr Models show ALL the electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom. Start by completing the info on the side. Complete the info in the nucleus Finish by drawing ALL the electrons around the nucleus. Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 #of Electron: 11 #of protons: 11 Atomic Mass:23 # of Neutrons:12 Oxidation Number: 1+

32. Video: How to draw a Bohr diagram

33. LB: Lewis Dot Structures: pg5 Information needed: Example: Aluminum Atomic # 13: Symbol: Al Valence electrons: 3 You simply put the valence electrons around the element symbol

34. Video: How to draw a Lewis Dot Diagram

35. And finally, Counting Atoms: (found on the back of the ionic lecture) Name: Calcium Carbonate: Also known as: Limestone Formula: CaCO 3 We have to account for each and every atom: Ca: Calcium C: Carbon O: Oxygen The Formula is : CaCO 3 How many atoms do we have: Ca: 1 C: 1 O: 3 total: 5 atoms What is their atomic number: Ca: 20 C: 6 O:8 Ca: Alkaline Earth Metal: metal C: Carbon Family: nonmetal O: Oxygen Family: nonmetal