1. Ancient Rome

2. Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West?

3. Rome The Origins of Rome (ca. 800-500 BC)  In Latium  On Tiber River  Originally ruled by kings  Legendary founders: Romulus and Remus

4. Rome She-wolf (ca. 500 BC), Capitoline Museum, Rome

5. Rome The Roman Republic (ca. 500-27 BC)  Established after overthrow of kings  REPUBLIC (res publica) Goal: limit arbitrary authority of one person Government authority to be shared equally among Roman aristocrats

6. Rome Republican Government  CONSULS Executive authority Term: 1 year  The Senate Supervised foreign affairs, treasury Lifelong terms  DICTATOR Appointed during emergencies Wielded supreme executive authority Term: 6 months The Senate

7. Rome Roman Expansion  Formidable army (“iron legions”)  By 133 BC Italy and Greek East conquered  Built roads  Established colonies

8. Rome The Punic Wars (264-146 BC)  Mediterranean powers: Rome, Carthage  Carthaginian Empire was great naval power  Roman and Carthaginian animosity  three wars  End result: destruction of Carthage

9. Rome First Punic War (264-241 BC)  Over Sicily  Rome built a fleet  Rome was ultimate victor, due to trouble in Carthaginian government  Outcome Carthage no longer maritime superpower Rome gained Sicily, more later

10. Rome Second Punic War (218-201 BC)  Carthage recovered, expanded empire in Spain  war!  HANNIBAL invaded Italy (218 BC) via Alps, advanced to south  Rome conquered Spain (206 BC), won in Africa (202 BC)  Outcome: Carthage lost empire outside Africa

11. Rome Corvus

12. Rome Questions?

13. Rome Crisis in the Republic  Power struggles, disregard for republican ideals  100+ years of warfare  Slave War in Italy (73-71 BC) 70,000 + slaves revolted, led by SPARTACUS Defeated 4 legions Ultimately crushed  6,000 slaves crucified

14. The Roman Republic Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)  Roman general, politician  Extremely ambitious!  Growing power  threat to Senate, politicians  Caesar invaded Italy (50 BC), gained control  Hunted enemies down in Greece, Africa

15. Rome The Fall of Caesar  Returned to Rome in triumph  more power!  Senate granted Caesar title “dictator for life” (Feb., 44 BC)  Assassinated by 60 senators (March 15, 44 BC)  Civil war!

16. Rome Cleopatra VII (r. 51-30 BC)  Hellenistic queen of Egypt  Wore “two faces” Hellenistic monarch to Greeks and Romans Divine, pharaonic queen to Egyptians  Encounters with Romans Met Julius Caesar  lovers She and Antony  lovers, allies

17. Rome

18. Civil War: Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian  Octavian victorious at Battle of Actium, Greece (September, 31 BC)  Antony, Cleopatra committed suicide  Octavian now master of Roman world Battle of Actium

19. Rome Questions?

20. Rome Augustus Caesar (r. 29 BC – AD 14)  Called “Augustus”  Task: tactfully rebuild Rome  First Roman emperor  Ruled as constitutional monarch

21. Rome Augustan Reforms  Centralized administration  Efficient government for provinces  Crusade against immorality Encouraged marriage  childbearing Discouraged promiscuity, adultery  Religion Restored neglected cults, priesthoods Repaired temples

22. Rome Remains of Temple of Julius Caesar, Roman Forum

23. Rome The Pax Romana and Culture  PAX ROMANA: period of internal peace, stability, culture, prosperity  “Golden Age” of Latin Literature Augustus was a patron of the arts Virgil’s AENEID Ovid’s Art of Love  banishment!

24. Rome Pont du Gard (1 st cent. AD), Nîmes, France

25. Rome Garden Room, Villa Livia (Late 1 st cent. BC)

26. Rome Augustus Caesar  “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble!”  No heirs  Rule  stepson Tiberius

27. Rome

28. Colosseum (AD 80)  Largest amphitheater in Roman world  50,000+ spectators  Beneath: waiting rooms, cages for beasts, equipment  Mock naval battles!  Main entertainment: gladiators

29. Rome

30. 1989-1996

31. Rome Roman Empire (2 nd cent. AD)

32. Rome Capture of Valerian (r. 253-260) by Persians Third-Century Anarchy (235-285)  Assassinations, civil wars  many emperors  Continued frontier war  empire stretched too thin  Other disasters

33. Rome Diocletian (r. 284-305)  Ended crisis  Reforms: tetrarchy, increased size of military  Emperor now absolute monarch, lord  Reforms  200 more years for Roman Empire

34. Rome Questions?

35. Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West?