1. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 14: Programming and Languages

2. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-2 McGraw-Hill Introduction In this chapter, you focus on Phase 4, Systems Development, of the systems life cycle and learn about the programming process and some of the programming languages that are availableIn this chapter, you focus on Phase 4, Systems Development, of the systems life cycle and learn about the programming process and some of the programming languages that are available Competent end users need to understand the relationship between systems development and programmingCompetent end users need to understand the relationship between systems development and programming

3. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-3 McGraw-Hill Programs and Programming What is a program?What is a program? A problem-solving procedureA problem-solving procedure –A list of instructions PrewrittenPrewritten Custom-writtenCustom-written Application softwareApplication software System softwareSystem software

4. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-4 McGraw-Hill What is Programming? Programming is software developmentProgramming is software development Six step procedureSix step procedure 1.Program specification 2.Program design 3.Program code 4.Program test 5.Program documentation 6.Program maintenance

5. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-5 McGraw-Hill Step 1: Program Specification Also called program definition or program analysisAlso called program definition or program analysis Five steps to complete in the processFive steps to complete in the process

6. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-6 McGraw-Hill Program Objectives in Step 1 Objectives are the problems that you are trying to solveObjectives are the problems that you are trying to solve Programming requires a clear statement of the problem that you are looking to addressProgramming requires a clear statement of the problem that you are looking to address

7. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-7 McGraw-Hill Program Specification in Step 1 Desired outputDesired output Needed input dataNeeded input data Required processingRequired processing Documentation of program specificationsDocumentation of program specifications Example of input data End user’s sketch of desired output

8. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-8 McGraw-Hill Step 2: Program Design Plan a solution using structured programming techniquesPlan a solution using structured programming techniques –Top-down design Top-down designTop-down design –Pseudocode Pseudocode –Flowcharts Flowcharts –Logic structures Logic structuresLogic structures

9. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-9 McGraw-Hill Top-Down Program Design Identify the program modules requiredIdentify the program modules required Return

10. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-10 McGraw-Hill Pseudocode Provide an outline of the logic and summarize the program you will writeProvide an outline of the logic and summarize the program you will write Return

11. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-11 McGraw-Hill Flowcharts Graphically depict the sequence of steps required to solve a programming problemGraphically depict the sequence of steps required to solve a programming problem Return Flowchart Symbols

12. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-12 McGraw-Hill Logic Structures Concatenation structureConcatenation structure Selection structureSelection structure Repetition structureRepetition structure Concatenation SelectionRepetition

13. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-13 McGraw-Hill Step 3: Program Code Writing the program or codingWriting the program or coding Characteristics of a good programCharacteristics of a good program –Works reliably –Produces the correct output –Catches common input errors –Code is well-documented and understandable –Uses an appropriate computer language

14. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-14 McGraw-Hill Coding in Step 3 Content-markup languagesContent-markup languages Programming languagesProgramming languages

15. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-15 McGraw-Hill Step 4: Program Test Debugging to test code and eliminate errorsDebugging to test code and eliminate errors –Syntax errors –Logic errors –Testing process

16. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-16 McGraw-Hill Step 5: Program Documentation Written descriptions about a programWritten descriptions about a program Important for people who will use and/or support the programImportant for people who will use and/or support the program –Users –Operators –Programmers

17. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-17 McGraw-Hill Step 6: Program Maintenance 75% of total lifetime cost75% of total lifetime cost Ensures program isEnsures program is –Error-free –Effective –Efficient Two activity categoriesTwo activity categories –Operations –Changing needs

18. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-18 McGraw-Hill Case Tools Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) –Automates portions of the development process Program designProgram design CodingCoding TestingTesting

19. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-19 McGraw-Hill OOP Software Development Object-oriented programming (OOP)Object-oriented programming (OOP) Focuses less on procedures, more on relationships between objectsFocuses less on procedures, more on relationships between objects Objects contain both the data and the processing operations needed to perform a taskObjects contain both the data and the processing operations needed to perform a task

20. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-20 McGraw-Hill Generations of Programming Languages (Page 1 of 2) Occurring in “generations” or “levels”Occurring in “generations” or “levels” –Coding from machine languages to human or natural languages There are five distinct generationsThere are five distinct generations –Lower level is closer to machine language –Higher level is closer to human-like language

21. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-21 McGraw-Hill Generations of Programming Languages (Page 2 of 2) 1st Gen: Machine languages1st Gen: Machine languages 2nd Gen: Assembly languages2nd Gen: Assembly languages 3rd Gen: High level procedural languages (3GLs)3rd Gen: High level procedural languages (3GLs) 4th Gen: Task-oriented languages (4GLs)4th Gen: Task-oriented languages (4GLs) 5th Gen: Problem and Constraint languages (5GL)5th Gen: Problem and Constraint languages (5GL)

22. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-22 McGraw-Hill Careers In IT Computer programmers create, test, and troubleshoot programs, in addition to updating and repairing programsComputer programmers create, test, and troubleshoot programs, in addition to updating and repairing programs Employers seek individuals withEmployers seek individuals with –Bachelors degree in Computer Science or Information Systems, but also positions available for those with two-year degrees –Desired traits include patience, logical thinking, and attention to detail Computer Programmers can expect to earn $51,500 to $88,000 annuallyComputer Programmers can expect to earn $51,500 to $88,000 annually

23. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-23 McGraw-Hill A Look to the Future Using a Wish List to Create a ProgramUsing a Wish List to Create a Program –Synapse Solutions has created a system called MI-tech that understands word order and meaning in English –Computer translates "wish list" into machine language

24. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-24 McGraw-Hill Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 2) Identify and discuss each of the six steps of programming.Identify and discuss each of the six steps of programming. Describe CASE tools and OOP. How does CASE assist programmers?Describe CASE tools and OOP. How does CASE assist programmers? What is meant by “generation” in reference to programming languages? What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages?What is meant by “generation” in reference to programming languages? What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages?

25. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 14-25 McGraw-Hill Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2) What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter? What are logic structures? Describe the differences between the three logic types.What are logic structures? Describe the differences between the three logic types.