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Slide 1 Figure 16-1 Page 377 CHAPTER 16: FOOD RESOURCES.

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Presentation on theme: "Slide 1 Figure 16-1 Page 377 CHAPTER 16: FOOD RESOURCES."— Presentation transcript:

1 Slide 1 Figure 16-1 Page 377 CHAPTER 16: FOOD RESOURCES

2 Slide 2 TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 16 GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION TRADITIONAL METHODS OF FOOD PRODUCTION VS. GREEN REVOLUTION CHANGES IN FOOD PRODUCTIVITY AND MALNUTRITION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE CATEGORIES OF FOOD (CROPS, MEAT, FISH AND SHELLFISH) AND HOW TO INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AFFECT OF GOV'T. POLICIES ON FOOD PRODUCTION CHEMICAL POISONS IN AGRICULTURE (PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, RODENTICIDES, ETC.) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

3 Slide 3 Industrialized agriculture Shifting cultivation Plantation agriculture Nomadic herding Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture Figure 16-2 Page 379 GLOBAL TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCTION

4 Slide 4 FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION DEVELOP AND PLANT MONOCULTURES OF SELECTIVELY BRED HIGH YIELD VARIETIES PRODUCE HIGH YIELDS OF GRASS MONOCULTURES USING ENERGY DEPENDENT FERTILIZER, PESTICIDES AND WATER INCREASE NUMBER OF CROPS GROWN PER YEAR ON PLOT OF LAND (MULTIPLE CROPPING. 2 nd GREEN REVOLUTION NOTED BY FAST-GROWING DWARF VARIETIES OF RICE AND WHEAT BRED FOR TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THESE CROPS REQUIRE FERTILE SOIL, LOTS OF WATER AND FOSSIL FUEL (USES 8% OF WORLD'S OIL) INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY, BUT USE MORE PESTICIDES AND HAVE MORE ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNAL COSTS

5 Slide 5 Figure 16-4 Page 381 First green revolution (developed countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Major international agricultural research centers and seed banks

6 Slide 6 4%2%6%5% 17% of total commercial energy use CropsLivestockFood processingFood distribution and preparation Food production Figure 16-6 Page 382 IN U.S. INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE USES 17% OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY INCLUDING LARGE TRANSPORT COSTS

7 Slide 7 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Grain production (millions of tons) 1950196019701980199020002010 Total World Grain Production Year Figure 16-7 (1) Page 383

8 Slide 8 400 350 300 250 150 Per capita grain production (kilograms per person) 1950196019701980199020002010 World Grain Production per Capita 200 Year Figure 16-7 (2) Page 383

9 Slide 9 Figure 16-8(1) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) 60 80 100 120 140 160 196119651970 1975 1980 1985 1990199520002005 Year World Developed countries Developing countries

10 Slide 10 Figure 16-8(2) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) 60 80 100 120 140 160 196119651970 1975 1980 1985 1990199520002005 Year Asia Latin America European Union North America SINCE 1950 FOOD PRODUCTIVITY HAS INCREASED ON MOST CONTINENTS

11 Slide 11 Figure 16-8(3) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) 60 80 100 120 140 160 196119651970 1975 1980 1985 1990199520002005 Year United States China India ASIA AND IN PARTICULAR China, HAS SHOWN LARGE INCREASES IN FOOD PRODUCTION

12 Slide 12 Figure 16-8(4) Page 383 Per capita food production (1989–1991 = Index of 100 ) 60 80 100 120 140 160 196119651970 1975 1980 1985 1990199520002005 Year Africa sub-Saharan Africa U.S.S.R. AFRICA AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION ARE EXCEPTIONS TO THE TREND OF RISING FOOD PRODUCTIVITY

13 Slide 13 PovertyMalnutrition Decreased resistance to disease High death rate for children Decreased energy Decreased ability to learn Decreased ability to work Shortened life expectancy Feedback loop Figure 16-9 Page 384 IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST CURRENT CONDITIONS SUPPORT WHAT IS CALLED THE "VICIOUS CYCLE OF POVERTY" MAKING IT HARDER TO ESCAPE FROM THE CURRENT PREDICAMENT

14 Slide 14 Figure 16-10 Page 385 Calories per day per person 3,700 3,500 3,300 3,100 2,900 2,700 2,500 2,300 2,100 19601970 19801990 200020102030 Year DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WORLD SUMMARY OF DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONSUMPTION

15 Slide 15 Biodiversity Loss Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Soil Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification Figure 16-11 (1) Page 387 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABILITY WITH CURRENT INTENSIVE (CORPORATE) AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

16 Slide 16 Air Pollution Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Water Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes Figure 16-11 (2) Page 387 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABILITY WITH CURRENT INTENSIVE (CORPORATE) AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (CONTINUED, PART 2

17 Slide 17 Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Figure 16-11 (3) Page 387 DIRECT EFFECTS ON HUMANS OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL METHODS

18 Slide 18 Phase 1 Make Modified Gene Identify and extract gene with desired trait Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies cell gene DNA Plasmid E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid Figure 16-12 (1) Page 388 WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING AND WHAT IS ITS ROLE IN AGRICULTURE

19 Slide 19 Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Foreign DNA Figure 16-12 (2) Page 388

20 Slide 20 Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits Figure 16-12 (3) Page 388

21 Slide 21 In use Not usable Arid land 6% Tropical forest 8% Cultivated 10% Grazed 11% Forests, arid lands 14% 51% Ice, snow, deserts mountains Figure 16-14 Page 391 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning EARTH'S AG LAND & POTENTIAL AG LAND

22 Slide 22 Figure 16-15 Page 392 Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle Pigs Chicken Fish (catfish or carp) 7 4 2.2 2 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

23 Slide 23 Figure 16-16 Page 392 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

24 Slide 24 Spotter airplane Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Purse-seine fishing sonar trawl flap trawl lines trawl bag Long line fishing lines with hooks Drift-net fishing Fish caught by gills floatbuoy Figure 16-18 Page 394 fish school

25 Slide 25 100 80 60 40 20 0 19501960197019801990 2000 Year Total World Fish Catch Catch (millions of metric tons) Figure 16-19 (1) Page 395

26 Slide 26 800 600 400 200 0 19601970198019902000 Year 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Harvest (thousands of metric tons) Abundance (kilograms/tow) Abundance Harvest Figure 16-20 Page 395 HARVEST OF GROUND FISHES (FLOUNDER, HADDOCK AND COD) IN NEW ENGLAND

27 Slide 27 Stepped Art Figure 16-21 Page 397 Fish change form Fish enter rivers and head for spawning areas Grow to smolt and enter the ocean... Grow to maturity in Pacific Ocean in 1-2 years Eggs and young are cared for in the hatchery Fry hatch in the spring... Fingerlings migrate downstream In the fall spawning salmon deposit eggs in gravel nests and die Normal Life Cycle Fingerlings are released into river And grow in the stream for 1-2 years Human capture Salmon processing plant Eggs are taken from adult females and fertilized with sperm “milked” from males Modified Life Cycle To hatchery SALMON ARE ANADROMONOUS. WE SAW AN IMPRINT POND AT CARKEEK PARK AND STREAM RESTORATION TECHNIQUES (BIOENGINEERING) THAT ENHANCED STREAM SUITABILITY FOR SALMON

28 Slide 28 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1950196019701980199020002010 Year Number of species Boll weevilGypsy moth caterpillar Insects and mites Weeds Plant diseases Figure 16-23 Page 401 DESPITE USE OF CHEMICALS, PESTS HAVE INCREASED IN RECENT DECADES

29 Slide 29 Figure 16-24 Page 404

30 Slide 30 Figure 16-25 Page 404

31 Slide 31 Figure 16-26 Page 405 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

32 Slide 32 MH JH MH JH MH Pupa Eggs Larva Figure 16-27 Page 405

33 Slide 33 Increase High-yield polyculture Organic fertilizers Biological pest control Integrated pest management Irrigation efficiency Perennial crops Crop rotation Use of more water- efficient crops Soil conservation Subsidies for more sustainable farming and fishing Decrease Soil erosion Soil salinization Aquifer depletion Overgrazing Overfishing Loss of biodiversity Loss of prime cropland Food waste Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing Population growth Poverty Figure 16-28 Page 407 PRACTICES THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABILITY

34 Slide 34 END OF CHAPTER 16

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