1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES PART 3: HURRICANES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. A CENTURY OF TROPICAL STORM & HURRICANE TRACKS

3. TRACKS OF MORE THAN 1325 HURRICANE DISASTER LABORATORIES FOR LEARNING EACH HURRICANE TEACHES IMPORTANT TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL LESSONS ABOUT HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE.

5. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK HURRICANE DISASTERR RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTIONS EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS Wind profile Storm Hazards: -Wind pressure -Surge -Rain -Flood -Waves -Salt water -Missiles -TornadoesOceanOcean Gradient Wind

6. NATIONS THAT NEED TO BECOME HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENT CANADA USA MEXICO CENTRAL AMERICA NATIONS JAIMAICA AND WEST INDIES CARIBBEAN BASIN NATIONS

7. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE: KNOWLEDGE FROM HURRICANE DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR ANNUALLY IN THE ATLANTIC AND EASTERN PACIFIC BASINS, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION SUSCEPTIBLE TO HURRICANES ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT WILL FACILITATE ITS DISASTER RESILIENCE

8. FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES MULTIPLE HURRICANE DISASTERS BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT MOVE IT TOWARDS HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE

9. FACT: MOST UNAFFECTED NATIONS DON’T EVEN TRY TO LEARN ANYTHING NEW FROM ANOTHER NATION’S HURRICANE DISASTERS AND CERTAINLY DON’T CONSIDER THEM TO BE A BASIS FOR CHANGING EXISTING POLICIES

10. WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE HURRICANES UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A SHORT TIME FLASH FLOODING (MUDFLOWS) LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) CAUSES OF RISK GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES

11. TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS A community’s (worst case--the Capital) functions are shut down for a time Downed trees Flooded streets Power outages Roofs ripped off

12. TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS Major roads blocked by debris Bridges washed out or impassible Sea wall, levees, etc., damaged Airport closed; planes damaged on the runway Landslides

13. TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS Region- and locale-specific damage to food crops and “money crops” (i.e., exportable goods)

14. EXAMPLES OF PAST HURRICANE DISASTER LABORATORIES THAT TAUGHT MANY LESSONS

15. SOME OF THE “BAD” HURRICANES: 1989-2013 Hugo Sept 1989 Andrew Aug 1992 Opal Oct 1995 Floyd Sept 1999

16. ANDREW: One of the most intense and the last of the three Category 5 hurricanes to make US landfall in the 20th century, Andrew had sustained winds of 165 mi/hr and caused catastrophic damage in Florida.

17. HURRICANE ANDREW: CAT 5; AUG 24, 1992

18. HURRICANE ANDREW: FLORIDA CITY, FL; AUG 25, 1992

19. SOME OF THE “BAD” HURRICANES: 1989-2013 (Continued) Mitch Nov 1998 Charley Aug 2004 Ivan Sept 2004 Dennis 2005 Katrina Aug 2005

20. KATRINA: Nearly every levee in the Federal Protection System of New Orleans’ was breached, eventually causing 80 percent of the city to be flooded, and 1,836 people to lose their lives..

21. HURRICANE KATRINA: NEW ORLEANS; CAT 3, AUG 30, 2005

22. “BAD” HURRICANES: 1989-2013 (Continued) Rita Sept 2005 Stan Sept 2005 Wilma Oct 2005 NONE 2006

23. HURRICANE RITA: EVACUATION CENTER, SEPT 21, 2005

24. RITA: In addition to a record evacuation of over 1 million people that took evacuees to places like the First Baptist Church in Tyler, TX, Rita’s winds, waves, and storm surge caused damage to the oil industry and flooding in New Orleans again.

25. HURRICANE WILMA: NAPLES, FL; CAT 5, OCT 24, 2005

26. WILMA: A CAT 5 storm, Wilma was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, but it was a Category 3 when it made landfall in several places, causing devastation in the Yucatan Peninsula, Cuba, and Florida.

27. SOME OF THE “BAD” HURRICANES: 1988-2013 (Continued) Dean 2007 Felix 2007 Noel, 2007

28. HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY 4 STORM ON AUGUST 18

29. HURRICANE DEAN: A CATEGORY 2-3 STORM ON AUGUST 17 The eye of hurricane Dean, the first of the North Atlantic season, passed between the Caribbean islands: St. Lucia and Martinique, on Friday, August 17. The two islands, less than 80 km (50 mi) apart were, were struck with winds of 165 - 200 km per hour (100 - 125 mi per hour), storm surge, and heavy rain.

30. SOME OF THE “BAD” HURRICANES: 1988-2013 (Continued) Gustav Sept 2008 Ike 2008 Paloma 2008 NONE 2009

31. GUSTAV: Gustav prompted the largest evacuation in USA history-- 3 million people-- who fled the oncoming hurricane, after it had made landfall in Haiti and Cuba, crossed the Gulf of Mexico, and made landfall again in Cocodrie, La., on Sept. 1, 2008.

32. HURRICANE GUSTAV: 3 MILLION EVACUATING LA, SEPT 1, 2008

33. SOME OF THE “BAD” HURRICANES: 1989-2013 (Continued) Igor 2010 Tomas 2010 Irene 2011 None 2012 Sandy 2013

34. SANDY: A $300 BILLION STORM; OCTOBER 24, 2012 Sandy, 2012’s ninth hurricane, became a huge storm with wind and rain bands reaching out 500 km or more from the storm center, producing 15-50 cm of rain and flooding in Jamaica, Bermuda, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, New Jersey, and New York

35. CAT I HURRICANE SANDY: OCTOBER 24

36. SUPER STORM SANDY: OCT. 29-30, 2012

37. SANDY: RAIN IN HAITI

38. SANDY: RAIN IN CUBA

39. NOW SUPER STORM SANDY; OCT. 29-30, 2013

40. NEW JERSEY: ATLANTIC CITY UNDER WATER

41. NEW JERSEY: OCEAN FRONT FLOODING

42. NEW JERSEY: STREETS FLOODED

43. FLOODING IN BROOKLYN, NY

44. $360 MILLION STORM SURGE, NEW HAVEN, CT: OCT. 30

45. LESSON: THE TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., storm surge, high- velocity winds, rain, flash floods, and landslides,), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive.

46. LESSON: TIMELY EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION SAVES LIVES The people who have timely early warning in conjunction with a community evacuation plan that facilitates getting out of harm’s way from the risks associated with storm surge, high winds, flooding, and landslides will survive.

47. TRACKING THE STORM

48. THREE MAJOR FACTORS: GOOD COMMUNICATIONS GOOD MESSAGING SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES

49. “SAFE HAVENS” (I.E., EVACUATION CENTERS)

50. LESSON: WIND ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from a hurricane’s high velocity winds will maintain their function and protect occupants and users from death and injury.

51. THE HURRICANE SAFE ROOM IS A RECENT CONSTRUCTION INNOVATION THAT SAVES LIVES

53. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES AND PROTECTS The timing of emergency response operations is vitally important for search and rescue and provision of emergency services to save lives and protect property.

54. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES The local community’s capacity for emergency health care offsets the crisis caused by damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality.

55. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure disaster resilience.

56. FACT: HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICIES BASED ON LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST HURRICANE LABORATORIES ARE NEEDED BY MANY NATIONS

57. PILLARS OF HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE Preparedness Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Wind Engineering Building Code Time,y Early Warning and Evacuation Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services) Casualty insurance to underwrite losss Cost-Effective Recovery

58. THE CHALLENGE: POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS HURRICANE RESILIENCE

59. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE  USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE THE CREATION OF TURNING POINTS

60. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR HURRICANE DISASTER RESILIENCE  INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS FOR POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY