1. CHAPTERS 2 & 3 BIOCHEMISTRY

2. CHEMISTRY!

3. EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS C = ___________________ O = ___________________ H = ___________________ N = ___________________ P = ___________________ S = ___________________ Na = __________________ K = ____________________ I = ____________________ Cl = ___________________

4. ATOMS Atom = Subatomic particles: Proton = __________________ Neutron = _________________ Electron = _________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________________________ ___________________ that still maintains its properties

5. LETS DRAW A CARBON ATOM… 6 C 12.011

6. LETS DRAW A CARBON ATOM… Fill in Protons and Electrons Max # of electrons in shell 1 = _______ Max # of electrons in shell 2 = _______

7. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING! How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Iron, given the information in the periodic table ? P = N = E = 26 Fe Iron 55.85

8. PRACTICE DRAWING AN OXYGEN ATOM! 8 O 15.999

9. COMPOUNDS Compounds =

10. FORMULAS FOR COMPOUNDS 2H + O  H 2 O

11. FORMULAS FOR COMPOUNDS 2H + O  O HH

12. OrganicInorganic ALWAYS contains _____________ Usually contains ______________ Sometimes contains __________ Generally ____________________ Usually don’t contain _________ Generally come from the earth Generally ____________________

13. EXAMPLES: INORGANIC 2H + O  H 2 O H + Cl  HCl C + 2O  CO 2 Na + Cl  NaCl

14. EXAMPLES: ORGANIC ________________ ______ ________ _____________

15. BONDING! ___________________ Electrons __________________________ 7 N 14.01 How to find the number of valence electrons: 1. 2. Answer =

16. THE OCTET RULE The octet rule states that all elements “want” to have the same configuration as the nearest noble gas. Example: What does magnesium (Mg) want to look like ? How might magnesium accomplish this ? A.K.A. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ In most cases, this means ___________________________

17. THREE TYPES OF BONDING 1. 2. 3.

18. COVALENT BONDING http://www.dnatube.co m/video/369/Covalent- Bond http://www.dnatube.co m/video/369/Covalent- Bond ______________________ = atom’s attraction for shared electrons/pull of electrons Nonpolar covalent bonds = _______________ ________________________ Polar covalent bonds = ________________________

19. IONIC BONDING Each atom has now become an Ion. An Ion is _______________ _______________________

21. HYDROGEN BONDS A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a _________________________ with an ________________ ______________, such as nitrogen, oxygen or flourine.

22. IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN BONDING Properties of water:

23. MOLECULAR DIVERSITY DEPENDS ON... _______________ ● Length ● Branching ● Double bonds ● Rings ________________ ● Participate in chemical reactions in specific and unique ways. ● Polar → Hydrophillic

24. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 1.) ________________ (-OH) = hydrogen bonded to oxygen then bonded to the carbon skeleton – Alcohols 2.) _______________ (-C=O) = carbon double bonded to an oxygen

25. 3.) _____________ (-COOH) = doubled bonded oxygen AND a hydroxyl group 4.) _______________ (-NH2) = nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton 5.) _______________ (-PO4) = phosphate bonded to four oxygen atoms

26. 6.) _____________ (-CH3) = carbon bonded to three hydrogens – Gene Expression Take-Away Point : Small differences in functional groups = Large difference in form and function!

27. Which functional groups do you see in the molecules below?

28. GENERAL STRUCTURE Organic compounds are composed of hundred to thousands of individual molecules. These ____________________________________ The ______________________________________

29. MAKING POLYMERS! Monomers are linked together via ________________ ____________________________ What do you think is involved in this process???

30. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

31. BREAKING POLYMERS! To break polymers (such as in digestion), cells use __________ What key words do you see?

32. HYDROLYSIS

33. MACROMOLECULES Four Types: 1. 2. 3. 4. Essential to maintaining life processes: cell function, storage, energy, homeostasis, and genetic information

34. CARBOHYDRATES The ratio of atoms is usually 1C:2H:1O or CH 2 O. Example: Glucose → C 6 H 12 O 6 Primary Function: Provide energy to cells.

35. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a: _________________________________ Two sugars make a: ____________________________ Many sugar molecules linked together is a: _______________________________________________

36. FORMATION OF MALTOSE (DISACCHARIDE) Glucose = C 6 H 12 O 6 Maltose = C 12 H 22 O 11

37. POLYSACCHARIDES Four Common Types: 1. _________ → Storage in Plants 2. _________ → Storage in Animals 3. _________ → Lettuce! 4. ______ → Exoskeleton

38. Lipids = They are _____________________, which means… Made of ____________________= 1. 2. LIPIDS

39. Monomers Glycerol contains the hydroxyl (OH) group. Fatty acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) group.

40. Long chains of hydrocarbons (carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms) Saturated fats contain only ________________ bonds between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats contain one or more _______________ or _______________ bonds between the carbon atoms. Fatty Acids

41. Saturated Fats have a strong link to arthrosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup). Take a look at the structure of these two fats, and explain why.

42. STEROIDS Lipids where carbon skeleton contain four rings

43. PROTEINS Monomers : Structure of Amino Acids : R Group :

44. Protein Function Most important role = ___________ An enzyme is a Structure = Function

45. LINKING AMINO ACIDS!

46. NUCLEIC ACIDS: 3.14 PG 46 Two Types: ● DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid ● RNA = Ribonucleic acid Monomers: Nucleotides Key Functional Group: Phosphate Group

47. More information to come in our DNA unit! -Complimentary bases -Transcription -Translation

48. REVIEW / STUDYING Please use the following materials to review for this unit test: PowerPoint Presentation Notes! Organic Molecules Review Guide! Organic Molecules Worksheet! Textbook Unit Outlines! JEOPARDY! Biochemistry Study Guide!