1. Gender Inequality

2. ??? Is there any difference between sex and gender?

3. Introduction to Gender Inequality Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females. Gender refers to the social and cultural patterns attached to women and men, or the way a society treats those biological differences Gender identity and gender roles

4. Is Gender Biological or Social? Biological Basis for Gender Roles: Males and females are different from the moment of conception. Chromosomal and reproductive differences Hormones If gender is completely biological, the suggestion is that these biological differences explain the domination of women by men. A sexist notion

5. Social Bases for Gender Roles Society transforms females and males into socially interacting women and men. Every known society makes gender a major category for organizing social life. Gender is socially constructed How has gender changed across time and culture? Cross-cultural evidence shows a wide variation of behaviors for the sexes.

6. The Social Construction of Gender Gender Role Socialization Femininity and masculinity Through what agents do boys and girls/men and women learn “proper” gender behavior? The primary socialization agents When does gender role socialization begin?

7. What social problems in modern American society and throughout the world can be identified as gender related social issues?

8. The Dichotomization of gender What groups do not fall clearly into dichotomized categories? What occurs when an individual or group does not fit into these rigid categories? The process of “othering”

9. Dichotomization issues Intersexed What occurs when an infant is born intersexed? Transgendered/Trans-sexual Who is Thomas Beatie? “The murder rate of people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and HIV-affected (LGBTQH) is at its highest, according to a recently released 2011 report from the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP). The report also shows that transgender women, people of color, and youth and young adults are at a disproportionately high risk of being victims of what the NCAVP terms hate violence.”National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP)

10. Othering in the united states Homophobia: fear of and prejudice against homosexuality Important element in traditional views of masculine and feminine behavior Tied to social problem of bullying in schools as well as hate crimes towards the LGBT community and high rates of suicide amongst LGBT teens

11. Problems stemming from traditional gender role socialization If boys are socialized to be aggressive and non-emotional, and career oriented and girls are socialized to be caring/nurturing, emotional, and family oriented, what social problems and issues can arise?

12. Does gender socialization create social problems or help society? Traditional masculinity-> “boy code/bro code” Violence Sexual assault Domestic violence Health issues Traditional Femininity Devaluation of women’s characteristics Objectification of women’s bodies Eating disorders and body dysmorphia

13. Gender Myths We tend to associate stereotypically female characteristics with weakness and typically male characteristics with strength. He’s firm, but she’s stubborn. He’s careful about details, but she’s picky. He’s honest, but she’s opinionated. He’s raising good points, but she’s “bitchy.” We tend to see men as strong and not emotional and women as emotional and not strong. Are traditional gender roles changing?

14. The Problem of Sexism Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately inferior to the other ― Individual level: belief that one sex is superior to the other ― Institutional level: policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women ― Patriarchy: system of social organization in which men have disproportionate share of power ― Sexism supports patriarchy by claiming that men are “better” than women and therefore should dominate them.

15. What makes women a minority group?

16. Gender Inequality Around the World “More girls have been killed in then last fifty years, precisely because they were girls, than men were killed in all the battles of the twentieth century” There is no nation where women and men are equals. A History of global patriarchy Survival rates and gender Discrimination and persecution Sex trafficking Violent and sexual victimization-Honor killings Literacy rates

17. Women and Men are Differentiated and Ranked Gender Stratification: the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are unequal in power, resources, and opportunities Gender inequality exists in most parts of the world. Does it continue to exist in the Unites States?

18. Male Domination Politics and Government 1920-Right to vote 1990’s big influx of women into politics Currently congress is about 17% female 17 Senators/100 72 Reps/435 7 Governors/50 Equal representation? Treatment of female politicians focuses on family traits and appearance rather than political platform Largely demeaning and sexist towards female politicians

19. Male Domination Religion What major world religions allow female leadership? How does this affect way members of a religion view gender roles? The Stained glass ceiling Often justifies women in subordinate positions in society and families Is a woman’s place to “submit graciously to her husband and serve him respectfully”? The Family Women often lack power, are more likely to be abused or killed by husbands, and perform more domestic work The “second shift”

20. Male Domination The Economy-Women in the Workplace The Gender wage gap- Women earn 81 cents on the dollar that men earn even with equal occupation and level of education For women of color, earning discrimination is even greater The Matrix of Domination- Social forces that contribute to the subordinate status of many women

21. Figure 12-4: Matrix of Domination Source: Developed by author.

22. Male Domination Women in the Workplace Explaining the Gender wage gap Discrimination The glass ceiling Male corporate culture Gender role Socialization Occupational segregation What jobs are considered man jobs/woman jobs? Pink collar jobs Carework

23. What improvements have been made for the status of women in American society over the last half century? Why?

24. Addressing Gender Discrimination Feminism: belief in social, economic, and political equality for women There is no one version of feminism, but almost all feminists agree on: the importance of gender the importance of change the importance of choice the need to eliminate patriarchy The need to eliminate violence against women the importance of sexual autonomy

25. Addressing Gender Discrimination Construction of gender discrimination as a social problem Areas to seek improvement Gender roles and carework Closing the gender wage gap “Family Friendly” policies Board room quotas