1. Life and Genetic Material

2. Defining Life Even in science there isn’t one single definition of Life Scientists try to make all living things fit into their definition so the one we will use in this class is: 1.All life must be built of complex parts 2.All life evolves by natural selection 3.All life reproduces by passing on genetic material This definition should fit life even if it isn’t from Earth

3. 1 - Complex Parts The complex parts that all life is made of on Earth are called Cells Cells are the building blocks of all LIVING THINGS Don’t get this confused with ATOMS!!! There are 2 types of cells 1.Prokaryotic – evolved early, simple life. Includes all types of bacteria 2.Eukaryotic – evolved ‘later’, more complex. What all living things other than bacteria are made of.

4. 2 – All Living Things Evolve All living things evolve Evolution is the end result of natural selection Natural Selection is when certain living things have traits that help them survive. If a living thing is more likely to survive, it is more likely to have offspring (children) Those children will likely gain the traits that help them survive from their parents Those children will likely survive, reproduce, and pass down the traits This continues over many, many generations until the living thing changes.

5. 3 – Living things have Genetic Material The important part that we are going to look at is that all life reproduces by passing on genetic material Genetic Material is a set of biological information storage This information is passed down from a parent to an offspring during reproduction

6. DNA as Genetic Material On Earth, all living things have DNA as their genetic material DNA is a molecule. This means it is made of many atoms hooked together. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

7. DNA So what is DNA? DNA stores all of an individuals genetic information DNA is found in the nucleus of eukarotic cells It is made of repeating parts called nucleotides

8. Nucleotides A nucleotide has 3 parts 1)A Phosphate Molecule (has Phosphorus atoms) 2)A Pentose Sugar – (has 5 Carbon atoms) 3)A Nitrogenous Base (contains nitrogen atoms) This is the basic, repeating unit of DNA Nucleotides hook together over and over and over to make strands

9. Nucleotides – Nitrogenous Bases DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases. Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

10. Nucleotides Nucleotides hook together to make strands The phosphates always connect to the sugars

11. Nucleotide Strands DNA molecules are actually made of 2 strands connected together The 2 strands are connected in the middle by the nitrogenous bases The bases always match up the same way A on one strand always connects to T on the other strand C on one strand always connects to G on the other strand

12. Nucleotide Strands What would be the matching nucleotide sequence for the following DNA strand? AATCGCTCATC Circle the mistakes in the following DNA molecule. A C G U T C C T T A C G G C T C C A A G G T C T G C C U

13. DNA 3D Structure DNA forms a complex, 3D structure DNA is connected like a ladder. This DNA ‘ladder’ is twisted AND coiled to create a shaped known as a double helix

14. DNA Sequence DNA stores information by its sequence The sequence is the order the nitrogenous bases are attached This sequence determines how the cell will function.

15. DNA Sequence How does the DNA sequence determine the function of your cells? This sequence is used to make proteins Proteins are working molecules in the cell that carry out all the functions needed for a cell to survive Proteins are made of basic units called amino acids. There are 20 amino acids that make up a nearly infinite amount of proteins

16. How DNA Makes Proteins Every 3 nucleotides tells the cell what amino acid to use These amino acids hook to each other Eventually, the DNA tells the cell to stop adding amino acids The section of DNA that makes 1 protein is called a gene

17. The Genetic Code The Genetic Code is what amino acid goes with each 3 nucleotide sequence Which amino acid does the code CAA pick? What protein would be made from the DNA sequence AACGATGACTCAGGC?

18. DNA Replication DNA is self-replicating. This means it can make a copy of itself DNA copies itself when a cell needs to make a copy of itself (when a cell divides)

19. DNA Replication Because DNA always keeps one original strand, it is called Semi-conservative