1. Outline of chapter 1 The Influence of communicators Foreword Section 1: Communicator in communication field Section 2: Personal choices of communicator Section 3: Organizational control Section 4: Influences of this profession Section 5: Communicator in the eyes of audiences 1

2. 2 Foreword The content of message and the way of its presentation in a given media is well-prepared. visible communicator v.s. invisible control There are three parts in this chapter: 1.The definition and role of communicator 2.The real controlling personnel behind news making process. 3.Communicator in the eyes of audiences

3. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator in the field of communication) 1.Personal communicator ：明星 / 主播 / 記者 / 主持人  消息來源、 visible communicator 枱面上的 傳播者 陳海茵和他的建築師老公禹連泉 陳海茵陳海茵

4. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) Department of News is just like a central kitchen. –Central kitchen: 切肉房 / 主廚房 / 冷廚房 / 點心房 Ranks: 行政主廚 / 行政副主廚 / 主廚 / 副主廚 / 部門領班廚師 / 廚 師 / 幫廚 / 學徒 –TV station: 各部門經理 / 導播 / 記者 / 編輯 / 攝影記者群 There are many reporters and staff behind the TV screen to collect data, edit, and produce a news platform.

5. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) 2. Organizational communicator ： From news reports (on air) to any staff in a given media group: They produce, operate, transmit, and keep gates.

6. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) Communicator (sources of communication) usually is a communication organization, or an organized individual. 組織化的個人 (Wright; 李金銓， 1990) Shoemaker (1991): 5-level door-keeping process: 1.Communicator (as an individual) gate-keeping / door- keeping decision 如：主播耳機傳來最新消息，要決定是否無畫面乾講 2.Influences of regulations of communication 3.Organizational level door-keeping behavior 4.Social and organizational factors 5.Societal system influence.

7. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) McQuail (1994) 5-level analysis of mass media: 1.Role of communicator: 2.Media organization: 3.Media system: NCC 4.Society: 5.International:

8. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) 錢玉芬 (1998)3 levels of communicator ：圖 1-2圖 1-2 1.Industrial level 行業面： visible environment/condition e.g. news regulations 新聞法規、 professional organization 專業組織（記者公會、 NCC… ） 2.Organizational level 組織面： concrete management system, practices, or policies 3.Individual level 個人面： your beliefs and related behaviors

9. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator)

10. Media is the major definer of societal reality, yet it cannot reflect the societal reality objectively. (Gurevitch, 1994) “ 文化社會與媒體：批判觀點 ” –Media is just a subsystem of society, and needs to co-exist with other subsystems. Thus, it needs to co-define the societal reality together. –Media reports the societal reality partially. e.g. 岡山國小分校老師包營養午餐給 94 歲獨居老婦 –http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/200910/200910030325382.htmlhttp://news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/200910/200910030325382.html –http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/200910/200910030325383.htmlhttp://news.cts.com.tw/cts/society/200910/200910030325383.html

11. After viewing this new, reflect ： Why only interview 2 kids ？ Why these 2 kids defend for their teacher ？ Why not go to this class directly to get data ？ Why this female teacher did not want to be shooted directly ？ How much can a 94 years old lady can eat ？ How did this female teacher wrap up the leftover in terms of partially or wholly? After deducting old lady’s quota, will you doubt this female teacher take the rest of the leftover for her own family?

12. 1-1 傳播領域中的傳播者 (communicator) Conclusion of section 1-1: 傳播 / 新聞行業需靠規範體制 (legislative bodies) 、 財務系統 (financial backers) 、生產系統 (productive system) 、與教育機制 (educational mechanism) 四類 社會角色發揮正向影響力，或與其有良性互動才 能提升新聞的專業性。 Through these 4 factors producing positive influence and good interaction, then will it be possible to have a news professionalism.