1. Awang Ismawi Bin Awang Ismail Wan Muhammad Hakimi Bin Wan Zakaria

2.  Gram negative bacteria  Three members pathogenic to human, other species are pathogenic for animal and insects  Lead a commensal existance in numerous hosts or occur as saprophytes, particularly in water

3.  Found in fresh and brackish (slighly salt) water, shellfish and other seafood  Man is the major reservoir for V.cholerae  Factor of transmission – inadequate sanitation, lack of person and food hygiene, use a polluted water to prepare food, inadequate cooked shellfish etc

5.  Curved rods with rounded ends  3 x 0.5µm  Gram negative – pink stained  Actively motile with single polar flagellum. To- and fro- movement (dark-field micsroscopy)  Non-capsulated, Non-sporing  Some strain is lateral flagellum

6. Produce enterotoxin (exotoxin) that activates enzyme adenylcyclase Causing watery diarrhoea producing ‘rice water’ stool containing vibrios, epithelial cells and mucus Adherence factor – motility and extracellular enzymes such as proteases Acute cholera – rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes in stool, vomit leads to muscular cramps and severe dehydration (fatal), acidosis, blood urea increase, urine increase in albumin

7. Aerobic Wide temperature. Optimum 37 o C Grow in ordinary media but sensitive to acid pH (alkaline; 8.2) 2-3 mm in size after 18 – 24 hr incubation in optimum temp. Low convex with an entire edge, whitish and translucent Older colonies develop a light ochre tinta tube of peptone water with a flake of mucus from stool and incubating for only 6 – 8 hrs

8.  Ferment glucose, sucrose, mannitol and maltose without gas production  Does not utilise lactose or dulcitol  Positive in indole and nitrites test  Non-hemolytic in sheep blood agar (Greig test)  Can be tested in H 2 SO 4