1. An Experimental Study of Carbon Dioxide Desorption from a Calcium Oxide Based Synthetic Sorbent Using Zonal Radio-Frequency Heating E. Pradhan, Dr. J. Fernandez, Prof. E. Rebrov – e.pradhan@warwick.ac.uk, J.Fernandez@warwick.ac.uk, E.Rebrov@warwick.ac.uk Department of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL Overview Hydrogen (H 2 ) is seen by many as a promising future energy carrier. As part of a larger study into the production of H 2 fuel cells, the main aim of this project is to test the efficiency of two different samples of Calcium Oxide (CaO) in adsorbing Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), using a zonal heating method which, in theory, should result in major energy savings due to reduced heat losses to the environment. Fuel Cells Experiment The set up is shown in figures 1 and 2. CO 2 and Nitrogen (N 2 ) flow through the gas inlet and into a mass spectrometer. A copper coil is placed around the reactor, and is heated using a RF generator. With the intentions of carrying out these same processes at much larger scales, industrial temperatures (650°C - 850°C) are used. The research consists of twenty cycles worth of data. Each cycle had two steps: adsorption/carbonation and desorption/calcination, where the reversible reaction stated by equation 4 takes place at approximately 650°C and 850°C respectively, measured using an infrared camera. Regenerating the sorbent (desorption/calcination step) results in releasing CO 2 suitable for storage. Results Sorption Enhanced Reformation Processes (SERP) Equations (1) – (3): Steam reforming reversible reactions for methane. CO 2 can be removed from the equations stated above by using a sorbent (a material used to absorb or adsorb liquids or gases). Sorption enhancement enables lower reaction temperatures while maintaining the conversion. To enhance the reaction, the CO 2 produced should be removed. CH 4 + H 2 O ⇔ CO+3H 2, CO + H 2 O ⇔ CO 2 + H 2, CH 4 + 2H 2 O⇔ CO 2 +4H 2, ΔH = 206.2 kJ mol -1 (1) ΔH = -42.1 kJ mol -1 (2) ΔH = 165 kJ mol -1 (3) Figure 3. Experimental setup of reactor Figure 4. Expected concentration of CO 2 outlet in the mass spectrometer for a given CaO sample for one cycle of the experiment. The table shows how the CO 2 signal measured by the mass spectrometer changes with respect to the other variables in the experiment. Calcium Oxide Equations (4): The carbonation/calcination (or adsorption/desorption) equilibrium reaction. CaO has been investigated thoroughly as a suitable sorbent for SER processes and is believed to be thermodynamically the best candidate, among metal oxides, for CO 2 capture in zero emission power generation systems. This experiment tests two different samples of CaO powder. CO 2 + CaO ⇔ CaCO 3,ΔH abs = -170 kJ mol -1 (4) Figure 1. Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged H 2 ions with oxygen (O 2 ). Fuel cells can eliminate pollution caused by burning fossil fuels; for hydrogen fuelled fuel cells, the only by- product at point of use is water. Rates of adsorption and desorption used to calculate the capacities (in mass % i.e. the percentage mass of CO 2 adsorbed per given percentage mass of CaO) to calculate which of the two samples is more efficient as a sorbent. Referring to graphs 1 and 2, sample 1 initially has a higher capacity. However, the greater degradation of said capacity over twenty cycles, in comparison to sample 2, leads to the idea that it has the lower capacity, evident from adsorption cycle 15 onwards. Recorded temperature data proved the effectiveness of RF heating: Temperatures of 850°C were reached in a matter of five minutes with only 170A supplied, much faster than conventional methods of heating. Graphs 1 (above) & 2 (below) Figure 2. RF heating setup, with RF generator connected to copper coil via heating workhead. The use of dielectric materials (electrical insulators that can be polarized by an applied electric field) means heat is dissipated instead of conducted through the material enabling zonal heating. This also allows much higher heating rates. Radio – Frequency (RF) Heating