1. Oral microflora Based upon presentation of V. Woznicová

2. History - Leeuwenhoek (a) Original picture A.L., (b) Campylobacter rectus, (c) Selenomonas sputigena, (d) oral cocci (e) Treponema denticola, (f) Leptotrichia buccalis

3. Oral microflora 700 members (bacteria, parasites) over 700 members (bacteria, parasites) Ecological system Biofilm formation Biofilm formation Important to health dental caries and parodontitis Relationship to dental caries and parodontitis

4. Sulcus gingivalis anaerobic environment, with sulcar fluid anaerobic environment, with sulcar fluid. Bacteria are important for rise and development of parodontic illness

5. ANAEROBES ANAEROBES Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans Actinomyces – A. gerencseriae, A. georgiae Fusobacterium – F. nucleatum, F. alocis, F. sulci Prevotella nigrescens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. endodontalis Treponema denticola Treponema denticola, T. vincentii, pectinovarum, socranskii Tannerella forsythia Wolinella succinogenes Selenomonas sputigena AEROBES AEROBES Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus, Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis, Streptococcus intermedius Sulcus gingivalis - microflora

6. Streptococci α-hemolytic streptococci are divided into groups S. mutans group: S. mutans, less frequent S. sobrinus, rare S. cricetus and S. rattus. Change saccharosis to sticky glucans and fructans, quickly form acids from saccharides S. salivarius group: S. salivarius, S. vestibularis - in salivas and on the tongue surface. Change saccharosis to fructan levan, on solid soils with this sugar grows in mucous colonies, can cause endocarditis.

7. S. mitis group: S. mitis, S. oralis, S. peroris - on mucous membrane, in dental plaque. In additon to S. mitis can this group cause sepsis lenta… subacute bacterial endocarditis (sepsis lenta)! S. sanguinis and S. gordonii – on tongue, bucal mucose and in dental plaque. S. sanguinis can cleave IgA. Can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis (sepsis lenta)! S. anginosus group grow in small colonies - S. anginosus (S. milleri), S. constellatus – S. constellatus and S. pharyngis, and S. intermedius. Location: in nasopharynx, in sulci gingivales. Cause dentoalveolar and endodontic infection.

8. Bacteria of „red complex“ Tannerella forsythia Porphyromonas gingivalis Treponema denticola feed, coagregationsupport of adhesion and invazion RED COMPLEX adherence + FUSOBACTERIA Responsibility for parodontitis

9. Treponema denticola wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema  Spirochatae  Proteolytic bacterium  In elder children (6 – 12 years) and adult  Coagregation with fusobacteria, porphyromonades  Close relationship to P. gingivalis

10. T. denticola – factors of virulence Protease  Protease – degradation of bariers, cells and protective macromolecules  Motility Chemotaxis  Chemotaxis Adhezins, invazins  Adhezins, invazins  Hemolyzins starters  Inflamatory starters – starts secretion of cytokins and chemokins

11. Porphyromonas gingivalis High proteolytic High proteolytic Crossfeeding proteolytic Crossfeeding - T. denticola produce succinate, P.g metabolise it and afford isobutyric acid, proteolytic microorganism – quickly resides sulcus gingivalis Fimbria Fimbria – for adhesis and colonization bladders Release bladders containing complete parts of surface membrane, bladders transport toxines and ensymes, enable adherence and agregation of bacteria, platelets Contain black pigment – source of Fe (growing factor of bacteria) www.pgingivalis.org

12. Tannerella forsythia Interaction between T. forythia and P. gingivalis – adhezion to host cells and invazion Interaction between T. forythia and P. gingivalis – support of adhezion to host cells and invazion www.acsu.buffalo.edu Invazion of T. forsythia into cells, Inagaki 2006, confocal laser microscopy

13. Interaction of microorganism Products of metabolism „Products of metabolism P. gingivalis is susceptible to pH decrease and to O 2 Fusobacterium nucleatum form products, who guard P. gingivalis before these factors Bakteriocinsnatural antibiotics Bakteriocins – natural antibiotics Bacteriocins kill the neighbour, producer and close related bacteria can survive

14. Other G+ and G-bacteria N. subflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa – saccharolytic, grow in aerobic condition although they are capnophylic N. subflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa – saccharolytic, grow in aerobic condition although they are capnophylic Staphylococci, micrococci – not commonly found in large numbers Staphylococci, micrococci – not commonly found in large numbers Eikenella – isolated from periodontal disease, fac. anaerobic Eikenella – isolated from periodontal disease, fac. anaerobic Veillonella – dental plaque etiology + dental caries (more in plaque presentation) Veillonella – dental plaque etiology + dental caries (more in plaque presentation) other genera – propionibacter, enterococcus – less than 1% - unknown role or teeth specific other genera – propionibacter, enterococcus – less than 1% - unknown role or teeth specific

15. Mycoplasmas, actinomyces, lactobacilli Actinomyces sp. major portion of the microflora of dental plaque – associated with caries, gingivitis (anaerobic) Actinomyces sp. major portion of the microflora of dental plaque – associated with caries, gingivitis (anaerobic) Lactobacillus – less than 1%, producing lactate or lactate and acetate from glucose, increase in advanced carieer lesions (L. casei, L. oralis...) – microaerophilic Lactobacillus – less than 1%, producing lactate or lactate and acetate from glucose, increase in advanced carieer lesions (L. casei, L. oralis...) – microaerophilic Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. salivarium - role in dental plaque – unknown Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. salivarium - role in dental plaque – unknown

16. Parasites and fungi in oral cavity Entamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenax – healthy patients Entamoeba gingivalis, Trichomonas tenax – healthy patients Candida sp. – colonization occurs either at birth or soon afterwards. Dramatically increases in immunocompromised patients… Candida sp. – colonization occurs either at birth or soon afterwards. Dramatically increases in immunocompromised patients…

17. Facts Susceptibility to phagocytosis Susceptibility to phagocytosis is various, depends on microorganism. Some periodontopathogenic bacteria can rescue before immune response A. actinomycetemcomitans and bacteria of red- complex are more resistant to phagocytosis than other bacteria Microbes from oral cavity Microbes from oral cavity can cause metastatic infection (after teeth extraction - bacterial endocarditis)

18. source: Socransky et al. 1998 P.gingivalis T.forsythia T.denticola P.intermedia P.nigrescens P.micros F.nuc.nucleatum F.nuc.vincentii F.nuc.polymorphum F.periodontium S.mutans S.oralis S.sanguis E.corrodens C.gingivalis C.sputigena C.ochracea A.actinomyc. V.parvula A.odontolyticus Relationship of bacterial communities in parodontitis

19. More in dental plaque capitol and parodontitis… More in dental plaque capitol and parodontitis…