1. Christine Douglas and Dana Hogan

2. Yoga is a cost effective supplement to traditional therapies that should be utilized by health care providers to help improve patient outcomes (Bridevaux, 2004)

3.  Yoga is the blending of physical, mental and spiritual practice, it seeks to bring about a state of harmony between mind and body through concentration, physical practice, and mental discipline (Lipton 2008)  a Hindu theistic philosophy teaching the suppression of all activity of body, mind, and will in order that the self may realize its distinction from them and attain liberation (http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/yoga)

4.  Traced back more than 4000 years (Hart, 2008)  Started as an adjunct spiritual therapy in ancient Ayurvedic medicine (Hart, 2008)  Over the last 40 years yoga has become popular in the United States for the health benefits and promotion of health (Hart, 2008)  Approximately 18 million in US (Lipton, 2008)

5.  Recognized  National Institutes of Health (NIH)  National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)  Category of mind-body medicine  “Focuses on the interactions among the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and on the powerful ways in which emotional, mental, social, spiritual, and behavioral factors can directly affect health” (Kaley-Isley, Peterson, Fischer, and Peterson, 2010)

6.  Arthritis  Fibromyalgia  Menstrual Symptoms  Back pain  Multiple Sclerosis  Cardiovascular disease  Hypertension  Irritable Bowel Syndrome  Diabetes  Asthma  Attention Disorders  Anxiety  Depression  Eating Disorders

7.  Limitations to studies  Small sample size  Short term studies  Randomization  Lack of description  Yoga poses  Instructor qualification  Exact regiment

8.  NCCAM recognizes yoga as a mind-body medicine  “Mind-body medicine typically focuses on the intervention strategies that are thought to promote health…an approach that respects and enhances each person’s capacity for self knowledge and self care, and it emphasizes techniques that are grounded in this approach.” (Kaley-Isley, Peterson, Fischer, and Peterson, 2010)

10.  Spirituality is in the individual  Form of imagery that is non-denominational  Safety for the patient  States Nurse Practice Act  The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics Provision Three  “The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient” (ANA, 2010)

11. As yoga offers a holistic approach to patient care, viewing the practitioner as an active participant in, and reflection of their mental, physical, social, and spiritual well-being, it has been suggested that the therapeutic benefits of yoga surpass potentially those of pharmaceutical drugs alone. (Chapman and Bredin, 2010)

12.  Individual diagnosis  Physical limitations  Health assessment  History  Cost  Qualification of the instructor

14. American Cancer Society. (2004). Guidelines for using complementary and alternative methods. Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/guidelines-for-using-complementary-and- alternative-methods. American Nurses Association’s. (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC: ANA. Atkinson, N. L., Permuth-Levine, R. (2009). Benefits, Barriers, and Cues to Action of Yoga Practice: A Focus Group Approach. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(1), 3-14. Bridevaux, I. P. (2004). A survey of patients' out-of-pocket payments for complementary and alternative medicine. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 12, 48-50. Chapman, K. L., Bredin, S. (2010). Why Yoga? An introduction to philosophy, practice, and the role of yoga in health promotion and disease prevention. Health & Fitness Journal, 3(2), 13- 21. Kaley-Isley, L. C., Peterson, J., Fischer, C., Peterson, E. (2010). Yoga as a complementary therapy for children and adolescents: A guide for clinicians. Psychiatry, 7(8), 20-32. Lipton, L. (2008). Using yoga to treat disease: an evidence-based review: as researchers continue to increase our understanding of what yoga can do for patients with chronic conditions, we very well may be writing prescriptions for yoga poses. Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants, 21(2), 34-42. Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C.L., Parsons, M. A. (2006). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ross, A., Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1), 3-12.