1. American Government and Organization PS1301 Wednesday, 29 October

2. How do people decide? The Michigan Model (prospective model) Party identification Candidate characteristics Issue positions

3. Influence of Party Id

4. Requirements for Issue Voting Aware of the issue Care about the issue Perceive difference between the candidates Correct about the difference

5. Criteria for Issue Voting

7. Dynamics of 2000 Presidential Campaign Source: Johnston and Hagen (APSA 2003) “Priming and Learning: Evidence from the 2000 Annenberg Study”

8. Character

9. Perception of Gore’s Honesty

10. Traits of Candidates

11. Retrospective Voting Party identification Evaluation of the past economic indicators economic indicators Wars WarsIncumbency

12. Race and Gender

13. Religion Bush Gore Nader

14. Education and Income

15. Unions and Religion Bush Gore Nader

17. How do Presidential Elections and Congressional Elections Differ? Presidential elections are more salient The average voter has more information about the presidential candidates than congressional candidates. Consequently, party identification may play a lesser role in pres. elections Voters are more inclined to be influenced by personal/candidate characteristics and issue voting may be more prevalent.

18. Congressional Elections The empirical evidence suggests that party labels are have a greater effect when information about the candidate is low U.S. Rep U.S. Rep State Senator State Senator St. Assy. St. Assy. County Board County Board

19. Congressional Elections Decline in party id means that other cues become more important Incumbency Name recognition

20. Rise of Split Ticket Voting