1. The Endocrine System 8
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

2. Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

3. Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
A collection of organs that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body

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5. Anatomy of the Endocrine System
Two different types of glands
endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries
exocrine glands
secrete through a duct to the body’s surface or to other organs
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands

6. Hormones
steroid hormones–lipid-based – hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and reproductive glands
amino acid hormones–protein-based – most hormones
hormone receptors
Upregulated (increased) – exercise upregulates insulin receptors – less insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake
Downregulated (decreased) – obesity downregulates insulin receptors – more insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake - diabetes

7. Hormone Secretion Control
Neural Control
Hormonal Control
Humoral Control

8. Hormone Secretion Control
neural control
nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to secrete or inhibit a hormone
the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine which prime the body for fight or flight response – increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and blood flow to muscles; decreased blood flow to organs and dilation of the pupils

9. Hormone Secretion Control
hormonal control
hierarchy chain of command
endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus
hypothalamus (president) directs activities of the pituitary glands by secreting hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones
pituitary gland (vice president) releases many hormones to the adrenal cortex, thyroid, reproductive organs, pancreas, and adrenal medulla (managers)
the managers release hormones – when the manager hormones rise in the bloodstream, signals are sent back to the hypothalamus and pituitary glad to stop releasing hormones – negative feedback loop

10. Hormone Secretion Control

11. Hormone Secretion Control
humoral control
levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored
if a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective action is taken until homeostasis is re-established
when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin which stimulates the absorption of glucose
when blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon which causes the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and thereby increases the glucose level in the blood

12. Hormones and Homeostasis
negative feedback
mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

13. The Hypothalamus
helps regulates body temperature

14. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
2. Endocrine glands have ducts.
3. Steroid hormones are proteins.
4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated.
5. Glucagon is under humoral control.

15. STOP

16. Major Endocrine Organs
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs

17. Major Endocrine Organs

18. The Hypothalamus helps regulate metabolism heart rate energy level
body temperature
thirst

19. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

20. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
prolactin (PRO)
growth of mammary glands
milk production in a nursing mother
growth hormone (GH)
growth of bone and muscles

21. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

22. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
in females
estrogen production
egg production
in males
sperm production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation
testosterone

23. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
antidiuretic hormone
acts on kidney, decreases urine output
oxytocin
acts on uterus, causes contractions
acts on breast, causes secretion of milk

24. Major Endocrine Glands
thyroid gland
thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
controls rate of metabolism
calcitonin
removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

25. Major Endocrine Glands
thymus gland
thymosin
development of immune system
pineal gland
melatonin
produces sleepiness

26. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

27. Adrenal Glands adrenal medulla adrenal cortex
epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenaline rush
adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
glucocorticoids
cortisone and cortisol
promote gluconeogenesis
sex hormones
estrogen and androgens
maintains sexual characteristics

28. Adrenal Glands

29. Pancreas islets of Langerhans alpha cells beta cells glucagon
increase blood glucose level
beta cells
insulin
decrease blood glucose level

30. Gonads testes ovaries testosterone estrogen sperm production
secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone
menstrual cycle

31. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________.

32. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

33. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

34. Pituitary Disorders hyperfunction hypofunction
acromegaly, or gigantism
hypofunction
dwarfism
diabetes insipidus

35. Thyroid Disorders hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism goiter Graves disease
myxedema
neonatal hypothyroidism

36. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
disorders of the parathyroid gland
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia
adrenal medulla disorders
pheochromcytoma

37. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol
Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

38. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polyuria
excessive urination
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
increased hunger

39. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
type I diabetes mellitus
juvenile-onset
type II diabetes mellitus
adult-onset
insulin resistance
hyperglycemia

40. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism