1. Charge Types of Charge 1 TOC Properties of Objects Fundamental Particles Atoms and Ions Insulators, Conductors and Semiconductors Polarization

2. Charge Types of Charge 2 TOC Physical Properties That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality of a thing; that which is inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it; an attribute; as, sweetness is a property of sugar. Physical properties, or those which result from the relations of bodies to the physical agents, light, heat, electricity, gravitation, cohesion, adhesion, etc., and which are exhibited without a change in the composition or kind of matter acted on. http://www.wordiq.com/dictionary/Properties Examples of physical properties of objects include… Color Mass Hardness

3. Charge Types of Charge 3 TOC Intrinsic Physical Properties An intrinsic physical property is a property of a set of objects that is constant throughout the entire set over space and time. Examples of intrinsic physical properties of an NFL football include… shape color texture material size weight

4. Charge Types of Charge 4 TOC Intrinsic Physical Properties of Fundamental Particles Everything in the universe is made up of a finite number of fundamental particles. Each of these particles has the following intrinsic physical properties. mass spin size charge

5. Charge Types of Charge 5 TOC There are only two types of charge called positive and negative Unlike charges attract and like charges repel.

6. Charge Types of Charge 6 TOC All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory “The Particle Adventure”The Particle Adventure The universe is made of 16 fundamental particles 6 quarks, 6 leptons and some force particles. Each of the quarks and leptons also associated anti-particles.

7. Charge Types of Charge 7 TOC Most charge that we experience is found in the quarks and the electron. The fundamental unit of charge is Each quark carries a fraction of this charge. Electrons have a charge of -e All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory “The Particle Adventure”The Particle Adventure

8. Charge Types of Charge 8 TOC Fundamental Charge Quarks are only typically in combinations of three called protons and neutrons. A proton contains 1 down and 2 up quarks (+ e charge) A neutron contains 1 up and 2 down quarks (0 charge) An electron is a fundamental particle (- e charge) All figures shown here are from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory “The Particle Adventure”The Particle Adventure

9. Charge Types of Charge 9 TOC Positive charge is created when an atom loses an electron. This is called a positive ion. Negative charge is created when an atom gains an electron. This is called a negative ion. Charge found on most objects comes typically from one place… The object has either too many or too few electrons.

10. Charge Types of Charge 10 TOC In an insulator, all of the electrons are bound to a nucleus… even the excess charges which stay right where they were forced to be by friction.

11. Charge Types of Charge 11 TOC In a conductor, some of the electrons are free to move between atoms. Excess electrons will move freely as well, but they will stay on the surface of the conductor.

12. Charge Types of Charge 12 TOC In a semiconductor, the electrons cannot move unless given a high enough energy. They are insulators when the energy is low. and conductors when the energy is high

13. Charge Types of Charge 13 TOC A photoconductor is a semiconductor that uses light as its input energy. They are insulators when the light energy is low. and conductors when the light energy is high

14. Charge Types of Charge 14 TOC Dipoles Dipoles are pairs of equal positive and negative charge that can rotate but not translate. The intrinsic physical properties of the dipole are its charge and its length. (It also has mass and spin but we will almost never speak of the mass or spin of a dipole.) The dipole is sometimes described by its dipole moment. The magnitude of the dipole moment is given by the equation and it points from negative to positive in direction. L -q +q

15. Charge Types of Charge 15 TOC Polarization Dipoles always attract charged objects. 1.A negatively charged object causes the dipole to rotate so that the positive charge is closer to the conductor. 2.A positively charged object causes the dipole to rotate so that the negative charge is closer to the conductor.