1. The Ultimate Structure of Matter Chapter 13 Great Idea: All matter is made of quarks and leptons, which are the most fundamental building blocks of the universe that we know.

2. Chapter Outline Of What is the Universe Made? Discovering Elementary Particles The Elementary Particle Zoo The Four Fundamental Forces

3. Of What is the Universe Made?

4. The Library Superficial description –Fundamental building blocks Books Rules for organization Basic –Words –grammer Ultimate description –Letters –Spelling

5. Reductionism –Ultimate building blocks How simplicity gives rise to complexity True nature –Thought, experiment, observation

6. The Building Blocks of Matter Fundamental building blocks –Changed over time Atom Nuclei and electrons Elementary particles

7. Discovering Elementary Particles

8. Cosmic Rays –Particles emitted by stars Used to understand nucleus –Found new elementary particles

9. Particle Accelerators: The Essential Tool Particle Accelerator –Artificial cosmic rays Ernest O. Lawrence –cyclotron Synchrotron Linear accelerator

11. The Elementary Particle Zoo

12. Leptons, Hadrons, and Antimatter

13. Quarks and Leptons Quark –Fundamental building blocks of hadrons –Fractional electrical charge –Only six kinds Leptons –Six kinds –Outside nucleus

14. Quark Confinement Individual quarks –No experimental isolation of a quark Elementary particles –Difficult to isolate

15. The Four Fundamental Forces

17. Force as an Exchange Forces cause matter to accelerate Gauge particle –Produce fundamental forces

18. Unified Field Theories –Fundamental forces seen as different aspects of one force –Four fundamental forces may be different aspects of a single force Electroweak force Standard model Theories of Everything

19. String Theories –Smallest building blocks as vibrating strings –Vibrate in 11 or more dimensions