2.  Theodore Roosevelt used the power of the presidency to push for progressive reforms in business and in environmental policy

3. 1. What was Theodore Roosevelt’s view of the role of the president? 2. How did Roosevelt attempt to regulate big business? 3. What was Roosevelt’s philosophy about conserving the environment, and how did he carry out his philosophy?

4.  Roosevelt was nominated as William McKinley's Vice President to get him out of New York.  However a great surprise to the nation comes in 1901 when an anarchist assassinates President McKinley in Buffalo, NY.  At this time Roosevelt takes the office of President, being the youngest President at the age of 42  Roosevelt viewed the presidency as a Bully Pulpit- a place to publicize issues and seek support for policies.

5.  150,000 Pennsylvanian coal miners decided to strike for the following reasons: ◦ Higher Wages ◦ Shorter hours ◦ Recognition of their Union  The strike moved into the winter months and Roosevelt feared what may happen if the strike was not resolved.  The Mine owners refused to let a third party settle the dispute.

6.  Because of the fast approaching winter, Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines.  Owners finally accepted and a three month investigation took place.  Workers received higher pay and a shorter workday.  This marked the first time government intervened in a strike to protect the rights of workers. This compromise was pronounce as a square deal.

7.  The Square Deal became Roosevelt’s slogan and idea for his Presidency.  He promised to “see that each person is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less”.  This idea balanced the needs of workers, business, and consumers.

8.  In 1901J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill and E.H. Harriman joined their railroads into Northern Securities Company.  1902 Roosevelt had the attorney general sue the company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.  1904 the Supreme Court declared that Northern Securities Company to be dissolved.  This was known as Trust-busting or breaking apart companies that sold inferior product, competed unfairly, or corrupted public officials.

9.  Railroads commonly would give rebates to their best customers, so large corporations would pay less then others.  The Elkins Act was passed in 1903 preventing rebates.  The Hepburn act in 1906 strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates.  This process regulated railroads allowing small farmers or businesses protections.

10.  Food producers tricked consumers into buying tainted food.  In eggs Formaldehyde (used in embalming) was used to cover the foul odor.  Drug companies were sold medicines that simply did not work or would contain dangerous narcotic drugs.  The meatpacking industry fell into great concern upon Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

16.  Due to horrible conditions found at the meatpackers the Meat Inspection Act was passed.  This act required federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines.  On a broader scale, the Pure food and Drug Act forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients.  This also started mandate of accurate ingredient labels.

17.  In the late 1800s people acted as if there was an unending supply of Natural Resources. ◦ Over Lumbering ◦ Over Grazing ◦ Cities Dumping Sewage  Business needs had always taken priority over the environment.  Roosevelt felt the need to protect the natural resources and needed to control them.

18.  The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 allowed the federal government to create irrigation projects making dry lands productive.  This would be funded by selling public land. In total more than 20 reclamation projects were launched.  In 1905 the US Forest Service was established to protect the land.  This is considered one of Roosevelt’s greatest legacies.

19. 1. How did Theodore Roosevelt get into the office President and how did he view the office? 2. Why did the Pennsylvania Coal Miners strike? What were they hoping to get? 3. What are the implications of Roosevelt interfering in the Miners Strike. What could this mean for the future? 4. Compare and Contrast what Roosevelt did to regulate the railroads versus Big Business.

20. 5. What did consumers have to be careful about when purchasing drugs? Food? 6. What is the Meat Inspection Act? 7. If people were to continue using resources like they were, what may have happened across the country? 8. What did the Newlands Reclamation Act do to protect the environment?