1. The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865

3. Southern Generals Robert E. LeeThomas “Stonewall” Jackson

4. Northern Generals George McClellan,Ulysses S. Grant

5. Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861 Victory for South inflated confidence Defeat for Union brought to end illusion of a “90 Days’ War” Set the stage for war not only for Union, but cause of abolitionism

6. “Tardy George” McClellan Afraid to risk troops in battle Wanted to drill to perfection Moved towards Richmond after Lincoln asked to “borrow” Army

7. The Peninsula Campaign The Seven Days’ Battle (June-July 1862) General Lee launched counterattack against Union Drove McClellan off peninsula Lincoln abandoned McClellan as leader Union moved towards total war Six-part strategy p. 455

8. Naval War Merrimac – Southern Ironclad 4 inch armor plate surrounded the ship sank 2 Union ships & ran 3 aground the first day

9. Naval War Monitor (N) vs. Merrimack (S) 3/9/1862 First battle-testing of ironclad ships Battle occurred in the James River with neither side winning

11. Second Bull Run August 29-30, 1862 Lee attacked General Pope’s troops and inflicted crushing defeat Lee moved into Maryland Hoped to encourage foreign intervention Seduce wavering Border States from Union

12. Antietam September 17, 1862 McClellan succeeded in halting Lee Draw militarily Lee retired across Potomac McClellan did not pursue Lee’s troops McClellan removed from post for final time Provided Lincoln with opportunity to launch Emancipation Proclamation

14. Emancipation Proclamation Issued on Sept. 22, 1862 but not effective until Jan. 1, 1863

15. Emancipation Proclamation Changed focus of war from preserving Union to emancipation France & Britain would be less likely to side w/ the Confederacy Applied only to those states in rebellion Not Border States Not conquered areas in the South DID NOT FREE THE SLAVES!!

16. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln had no way to enforce the EP Much liberation was unofficial, on parts of slaves Abolitionists complained he did not go far enough Stronger moral cause for Union

17. 13 th Amendment ratified in 1865 truly freed the slaves in the United States

18. African-American Troops Black enlistees accepted when manpower low (Union) 2 Massachusetts regiments created specifically for freed blacks Confederacy hesitant to use African- American troops Labor battalions

19. Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Lee invaded the North a 2 nd time Victory belonged to Lincoln Broke the back of the South, and the heart of the Confederate cause

22. War in the West Grant’s successes in KY and TN riveted Border States closer to Union Victory at Vicksburg (July 4, 1863) Day after victory at Gettysburg Reopened Mississippi to North Ended any thoughts of foreign intervention from Britain and France for Confederacy

23. William Sherman Northern General “War… is all hell.” took Atlanta & marched to Savannah Total War – do everything possible to destroy the enemy's will & make it difficult for them to fight

26. Politics of War Northern Democrats “War Democrats” supported the Lincoln Administration “Peace Democrats” did not Copperheads obstructed war by attacking draft, Lincoln, & emancipation Republicans joined with War Democrats to form a “Union” party for 1864

27. Election of 1864 Republicans: Chose Lincoln/ Johnson ticket Supported war Helped by victories 212 Electoral votes Democrats Chose McClellan Denounced war as failure McClellan disagreed with platform 21 Electoral Votes 45% of popular vote

28. Surrender April 9, 1865 Lee’s troops cornered at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia Grant granted generous terms

29. Martyrdom of Lincoln April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at Ford’s Theater in DC Calamity for South Moderation would have shielded South from embittered victors Increased bitterness in North Set the wrenching stage for Reconstruction

30. Aftermath More than 620,000 dead Direct monetary costs $15 billion End of states’ rights arguments Peculiar institution abolished

31. Women’s Roles replaced men on farms & in factories collected money to support the war served as nurses disturbed food, clothing, & medicines worked as spies & some engaged in combat