1. CHAPTER 3.2 Cell Organelles

2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS Highly organized Surrounded by a protective membrane Contain membrane-bound organelles that have specific functions The internal structure is anchored to maintain its framework

3. CYTOSKELETON A network of proteins that can change to meet the needs of the cell. Made of 3 types of fibers: 1. Microtubules : long hollow tubes that give the cell its shape and act as “tracks” so organelles can move 2. Intermediate filaments : give the cell strength 3. Microfilaments : tiny threads that enable cells to move and divide

4. CYTOSKELETON

5. PROTEIN MAKERS Nucleus: Stores DNA (blueprints for protein) Ribosomes: Link amino acids to form proteins Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): protein & lipid production Golgi apparatus: process, sort & deliver proteins Vesicles: isolate and transport specific molecules, including proteins

6. PROTEIN MAKERS

7. NUCLEUS Stores DNA Nuclear envelope – double membrane of the nucleus Nucleolus – special region where ribosomes are made

8. NUCLEUS

9. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Interconnected network of folded membranes that produce proteins and lipids Lumen: interior of the ER Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, proteins are made on the surface and modified in the lumen. Smooth ER: No ribosomes, it makes lipids and breaks down drugs & alcohol.

10. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

11. RIBOSOMES Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins Made of proteins and RNA Exist on the ER and freely in the cytoplasm

12. RIBOSOMES

13. GOLGI APPARATUS Closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins Proteins processed here are: 1.Stored 2.Transported to other organelles 3.Secreted outside the cell

14. GOLGI APPARATUS

15. VESICLES Temporary membrane-bound sacs that transport materials through the cell as needed.

16. VESICLES

17. MITOCHONDRIA Bean-shaped organelle that provide energy for the cell UNIQUE – they contain their own DNA and ribosomes! What can be inferred from this?????

18. MITOCHONDRIA

19. LYSOSOMES Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes Defend cells from bacteria and viruses Break-down damaged cell parts More common in animal cells

20. LYSOSOMES

21. CENTRIOLES Cylinder-shaped organelles made of microtubules arranged in a circle. Help build spindle fibers to divide DNA during cell division Produce and organize microtubules to form cilia and flagella.

22. CENTRIOLES

23. VACUOLES Fluid-filled sac used for storage of materials needed by the cell. CENTRAL VACUOLE Unique to plant cells Strengthens a plant cell and helps support the entire plant.

24. VACUOLES

25. CELL WALL Rigid layer that gives protection, support and shape to plant, algae, fungi & bacterial cells NOT present in animal cells In plants – made of cellulose, a polysaccharide

26. CELL WALL

27. CHLOROPLASTS Organelles that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis Chlorophyll: a light-absorbing molecule that gives plants their green color Like mitochondria: Have their own ribosomes and DNA

28. CHLOROPLASTS