2. Industrialization in the US 1. U.S. was mainly agricultural until the end of the Civil War (1865) 2. Technology boom caused by: –Natural resources (oil, coal, iron) –Inventions (light bulb, telephone) –Growing population –Railroads, large cities grew up along RR lines (Chicago, Minneapolis) –Funded by entrepreneurs who sold shares of stock, buyers became part-owners in corporations (Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel)

3. Industrial Revolution: Mechanization  The manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine in a factory setting.

4. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “ frames ” [power looms].

5. The Neo-Luddites Today

6. The Transcontinental Railroad Railroads transformed the eastern U.S. first, connecting major cities, until the Civil War. After the Civil War, work began on a transcontinental railroad, connecting the East and West coasts. Slide #1

7. The Impact of the Railroads The railroads spurred economic growth. Steel-workers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. Lumberjacks supplied wood for railroad ties. Miners dug coal to fuel the engines. The railroads opened every corner of the country to settlement and growth. Slide #22

8. “The Great Land Serpent”

9. New England Dominance in Textiles

11. Lowell Mill Girls Single young women left rural homes to work as “ mill girls ” Single young women left rural homes to work as “ mill girls ” Watched to ensure “ proper behavior ” Watched to ensure “ proper behavior ” 12 hour days/6 days/week, but decent income 12 hour days/6 days/week, but decent income Good alternative to becoming a servant Good alternative to becoming a servant

12. Factories as Workplaces: Conditions of Labor  Factory workers just exchanged their labor for wages, so had very little control over their working lives  Workers were subject to various kinds of discipline:  The closing of factory gates to late workers  Fines for tardiness  Public censure for poor quality work  Beatings for non-submissiveness

13. 1.Average worker: 14 hr. day, 6 days/week 2.All members of family worked, but in separate jobs (change in family structure) 3.Dangerous conditions:  Machine injuries (no worker ’ s comp.! (payments and medical care if injured)  Coal dust inhaled (life spans 10 years shorter than other prof.) 4.Factories polluted air & water Working conditions

14. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

15. Working Poor Typical Coal Miners: Women Worked in factories Tenement Housing:Child Laborers:

16. D. Child Labor 1. 6-7 year old children worked in factories & mines 2. Day began at 6a.m. until 7-8p.m. w/ ½ hour lunch, 1 hr. dinner 3. Beaten by factory overseer if fell asleep 4. Injured hands in spinning machines or inhaled cotton fluff into lungs

17. Child Labor in the Mines Child “ hurriers ”

18. Social Impact of Industrialization Urbanization (Growth of cities) As people moved from the country to work in city factories and mines, most city populations doubled or tripled Imagine twice as many people in Los Angeles!

19. Social Impact: Rapid Urbanization Rapid, unplanned population growth in cities led to social problems : 1.Inadequate housing, water, sewers, food, police protection. 2.Lack of sanitation & overcrowding led to disease, shorter life spans. 3.Poor lived in filthy, one- room homes 4.Growing gap between rich and poor

20. The New Industrial City

21. The Second Ind. Rev. Industrial growth in the US from the mid-1800s, and expansion in Europe, became known as the Second Industrial Revolution.Industrial growth in the US from the mid-1800s, and expansion in Europe, became known as the Second Industrial Revolution. Use of steel, electricity, and oil, and new inventions in communication made the second industrial revolution possible.Use of steel, electricity, and oil, and new inventions in communication made the second industrial revolution possible. Steel replaced iron to make stronger and lighter factory machinery, bridges. Steel production surged, making it cheaper.Steel replaced iron to make stronger and lighter factory machinery, bridges. Steel production surged, making it cheaper.

22. The Second Ind. Rev. Electricity became the major new source of energy, used to power machines, provide heat and light.Electricity became the major new source of energy, used to power machines, provide heat and light. Electricity led to new inventions that began a revolution in communication: the telegraph, telephone, and radio.Electricity led to new inventions that began a revolution in communication: the telegraph, telephone, and radio. Telegraph: Samuel MorseTelegraph: Samuel Morse Telephone: Alexander Graham BellTelephone: Alexander Graham Bell Radio: MarconiRadio: Marconi

23. Communication Revolution: Telegraph 1840 – Telegraph The machine sent long and short pulses of electricity along a wire – allowing communication between cities in just seconds. Dramatic effect on business communication Samuel Morse

24. Thomas Edison inventions: * Light bulb * … many others, too Light bulbLight bulb PhonographPhonograph Improved telephoneImproved telephone Improved telegraphImproved telegraph Early motion picturesEarly motion pictures Electric lampsElectric lamps TypewriterTypewriter Electric motorElectric motor

25. The Automobile Invention of a combustion engine powered by gas (from oil) made the automobile possible.Invention of a combustion engine powered by gas (from oil) made the automobile possible. First such automobile made in Germany, around 1889: went 10 miles per hour.First such automobile made in Germany, around 1889: went 10 miles per hour. In the U.S., Henry Ford revolutionized the auto industry and factories by starting an assembly line to mass-produce cars, helping to make them cheaper.In the U.S., Henry Ford revolutionized the auto industry and factories by starting an assembly line to mass-produce cars, helping to make them cheaper.

26. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

27. Social effects of I.R. 1. Growing gap b/w the rich & poor 2. Demand for reforms: –Unionization of workers to bargain for better working conditions & higher wages or face a strike 3. Rise of Socialism –Government (public) ownership of resources would allow equal distribution of wealth Karl Marx Eugene Debs

28. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

29. ©2003 www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 28 Rise of the UpperClass Factory owners became part of the upper class.Factory owners became part of the upper class. They joined the landowners and merchants.They joined the landowners and merchants. –They reaped the benefits of labor. –Fortunes were amassed. –The profits were rarely passed on to the workers.

30. ©2003 www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 29 Rise of the Middle Class The middle class expanded.The middle class expanded. It now included factory managers and supervisors.It now included factory managers and supervisors. Upper middle class over time grew to include doctors, lawyers, other professionalsUpper middle class over time grew to include doctors, lawyers, other professionals

31. ©2003 www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 30 Improving Life? Laws were finally passed to improve working conditions, limiting work day to 10 hours.Laws were finally passed to improve working conditions, limiting work day to 10 hours. But working class still had very low standard of livingBut working class still had very low standard of living

32. Rise of Global Inequality A. First nations to industrialize (Western Europe, the United States, Japan) became wealthy, powerful nations B. Industrialization led to Imperialism: –Widened gap between industrialized and non- industrialized countries –Required steady supply of raw materials –Exploitation of overseas colonies for Markets and Materials