1. Carbohydrates (McM chapt 25) Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 = “C 6 (H 2 O) 6 ” Monosaccharides / Simple carbohydrates: Can not be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates D-shugars

2. Open and cyclic forms

3. Monosaccharides - Reactions (McM chapt 25.7) Functional groups: Alchohols, aldehydes/ketones, hemiacetals React like ROH

4. Glycosides in nature DNA / RNA More hydrophilic metabolite of RXH Metabolism

5. Glycyrrhizin Saponin from liquorice (lakris) root expectorants (slimløsende) respir. tract infect. From microorganisms:

6. Stereoselectivity in glycoside syntheses

7. The anomeric effect Stereoselective synthesis of  -glycisides - Koenigs Knorr react

8. Reduction of carbonyl: Oxidative reactions: “Reducing shugars”: Easily oxidized (most often aldeh. - acid) Tollens Fehling Benedict [old diabetes (glucose) test] Tests (visual results) Not used in synthesis (preparative scale)

9. Ketoses as “reducing shugars” Synthetically useful oxidations

10. Chain Lengthening and Shortening

11. Monosaccharides / Simple carbohydrates: Can not be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates Disaccharides (McM chapt 25.9) Complex carbohydrates: Disacch., polysacch. Can be hydrol. to monosacch. (cleav. of acetal / hemiacetal)

12. Milk intolerance

13. Polysaccharides (McM chapt 25.10) Cellulose Long chains (>1000 monosachh.) H-bond between chains Structural material - plants  -glycoside link., not digested humans Starch: Amylose and amylopectin Amylose ca 20% Amylopectin ca 80% Energy storage plants  -glycoside link., digested humans Glycogen ≈ amylopectin, larger, more branches Energy storage animals

14. Synthesis Di- and Polysaccharides Building from monosaccharides - Challenges Regioselectivity Stereoselectivity Stability

15. Other carbohydrates (McM chapt 25.11-12)

16. Aminoglycoside antibiotics Lincomycin antibiotics Glycoproteins / Glycopeptides

17. Neuraminidase Inhibitors Effect on influenza virus A and B(?) Inhib. neuraminidase (enzyme that breaks bonds between HA* in newly HA in formed virus and host cell) Prevents release of virus HA: Hemaglutinin, (glycoprotein) important for bonding between influenza virus and host

18. ≈ S N 1 ≈ TS ‡ Zanamivir Relenza® Oseltamivir Tamiflu®