1. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter The Rise of Smokestack America 16

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Rise of Smokestack America The Texture of Industrial Progress Industrial Work and the Laboring Class Capital Versus Labor Strive and Succeed The Politics of the Gilded Age Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial CapitalismConclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Gap Between Rich and Poor

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Texture of Industrial Progress

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Technological Innovations Bessemer process: iron to steel  Exploited by Andrew Carnegie  Price of steel drops New power sources Electricity

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Homestead Steel Works

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Railroads Supported by state and federal governments  First transcontinental line, 1869 Innovation in management  Division of responsibilities  Flow of information

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Railroads (cont'd) High costs, indebtedness, competition  Worker’s wages cut to increase competitiveness  Low rates, secret rebates

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Other Industries Vertical integration, such as Carnegie steel “Backward” and “forward” integration  Including earlier and later stages Horizontal integration, such as Rockefeller  Standard Oil refines 84% of oil

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Texture of Industrial Progress: Other Industries (cont'd) Incorporation brings advantage  Raising capital easier  Identity makes a corporation durable  Limited liability decreases risk

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Industry and the World Second phase of Industrial Revolution  Changes in organization  Mass production  German and American industry dominate  Increasing global connections Worldwide depressions  1873-1879 and 1893-1897  Competition > Overproduction > Falling prices

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Industry and the World (cont'd) 1893 collapse  Panic, bank failures  Coxey’s Army

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Industrial Work and the Laboring Class

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New Immigration New immigrants, 1880-1900  Southern, eastern Europe  Many Italian Catholics and Jews  Mexicans  Chinese  Most came to work, but with few skills Blamed for various problems

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Migration to the United States, 1860–1910

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Ethnic Diversity Most immigrants begin at the bottom  Little experience  Day laborers  Blacks suffer from discrimination Work experience  Workers often segregated by ethnicity  Long working day, 10 hours, six-day weeks  High rate of accidents

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Family Economy Ideal versus reality  Men not always the sole breadwinner  Children often important Women and work  Almost 20% of women paid workers by 1900  Limited opportunities  Domestic service  Prostitution

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Family Economy (cont'd) Black women more likely to be paid workers

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Domestic Servants

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Capital Versus Labor

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Protests On-the-job protests  Some skilled workers had a measure of control  Could control rate of production  Quitting Strikes  1877, railroad strike  Many more follow  Owners use state militias and federal forces

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Protests (cont'd) Homestead strike, 1892, versus Carnegie  Pinkertons  Federal troops

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Labor Organization, 1865-1900 National Labor Union, 1866 – short-lived Knights of Labor  Originally secret  Open to all  Haymarket Riot, 1886, brings in 600,000

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Labor Organization, 1865-1900 (cont'd) American Federation of Labor, 1886  Led by Samuel Gompers  Skilled trades  Almost 1 million by 1900

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Strive and Succeed

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Middle-Class Women Property rights in marriage in some states Clothing freer – Gibson girls Many organizations to join Education Smaller families Higher divorce rates

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Male Mobility & the Success Ethic Enlarged educational system Land-grant colleges Idea of “career” emerges  Professionalism, specialization

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Gospel of Wealth Idea from article by Andrew Carnegie, 1889  Reflecting Social Darwinism Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859 Herbert Spencer applies these ideas to society Businesses as competing beings

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Politics of the Gilded Age

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Politics of the Gilded Age Parties not distinguished by ideology  Neither risks a difficult stand on national issues  Parties balanced Gilded Age presidents not strong Civil service reform  Garfield assassinated before taking office  Pendleton Act, 1883

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana National Issues Currency – “hard” versus “soft” money  Farmers support silver Tariffs Bills to ensure blacks civil rights traded away

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Political Advertisements of the 1880s

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Political Advertisements of the 1880s, cont

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Election of 1896 Populists strong  William Jennings Bryan  Push for silver Democrats choose a silver candidate 95% turnout Bryan gets 47% of the votes McKinley elected

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Presidential Election of 1896

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New Shape of Politics Stalemate ended with election of 1896 Lower voter turnout Gold/silver debate disappears  Discovery of gold in the North Industrial capacity at maximum

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: The Complexity of Industrial Capitalism Transformations  Government-business alliance  Labor unions emerge as a force  New political parties Cities become centers of change and conflict

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Timeline