1. 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 Bone Development AgeGender Race & Height Bones Misc.

2. What is ossification?

3. The process of bone formation in which osteoblasts lay down calcium in cartilages; turning these cartilages to bone.

4. Describe osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

5. Osteoblasts: bone building cells Osteoclasts: bone destroying cells

6. How do bones form?

7. Osteoblasts migrate into the cartilage of an infants skeleton. Osteoblasts deposit calcium The calcium hardens to form bones.

8. Describe three structures that attach to bone to help form the skeleton.

9. * Ligaments (Join bone to bone) * Tendons (Connect muscle to bone) * Cartilage (Cushions bones at joints)

10. What is an osteobiography?

11. Your “life” story told through your bones.

12. How many bones does an adult skeleton have? Approximately how many bones does an infant skeleton have?

13. Adult: 206 (average) Infant: 450 (average)

14. What is the epiphyseal plate?

15. A line of cartilage where bone growth occurs.

16. By what age are all the epiphyseal plates and sutures fused?

17. Age 50

18. Using the charts: Estimate the age of an individual if: The clavicle and sternum and sternum of the shoulder are closed and the condyles of the leg have joined the shaft.

19. 20

20. Using the charts: Estimate the age of an individual if: The lambdoidal suture is nearly closed and all segments of the sacrum are united.

21. 25-29

22. Can a skeleton exhibit characteristics of both genders. What does this mean for a forensic anthropologist.

23. Skeletons can exhibit characteristics from both genders (especially older skeletons). This means that forensic anthropologists should use many characteristics from many bones to determine gender.

24. What is the gender of this skull?

25. Male

26. What is the gender of this skull?

27. Female

28. What is the gender of this pelvis?

29. Female

30. What is the gender of this pelvis?

31. Male

32. What are the three “races” used for forensic identification?

33. Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid

34. What makes determining race difficult?

35. Many people exhibit characteristics from multiple races.

36. What type of bones are generally used to determine height?

37. Long bones, like the femur and humerus

38. Explain why forensic anthropologist can only estimate height.

39. Environmental factors can affect a person’s height, such as diet, accidents, etc.

40. Using the charts provided for you: estimate the height of an individual with a femur that measures 40cm in length.

41. About 152 cm

42. What is forensic anthropology?

43. The study of human skeletal remains in a legal setting.

44. Who were the Romanovs and why did we discuss them in this unit?

45. The royal family of Russia, they were executed and forensic anthropology was used to identify their remains over 80 years after their deaths.

46. What type of DNA evidence can be retrieved from skeletal remains and why?

47. Mitochondrial DNA because nuclear DNA breaks down faster.

48. What is facial reconstruction?

49. The rebuilding of facial features from skeletal remains using clay or computer models.

50. What is the importance of forensic anthropology today.

51. Identify victims of accidents, mass killings or brutal crimes. Bring closer to families and cases.