1. Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network Supporting Young Children with Challenging Behavior December 8, 2010 Dr. De Voka Gordon 2010-2011 Special Education Paraprofessional Training Series

2. PaTTAN’s Mission The mission of the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network (PaTTAN) is to support the efforts and initiatives of the Bureau of Special Education, and to build the capacity of local educational agencies to serve students who receive special education services.

3. PDE’s Commitment to Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Our goal for each child is to ensure Individualized Education Program (IEP) teams begin with the general education setting with the use of supplementary aids and services before considering a more restrictive environment.

4. District, IU, Preschool Agency Policy Your local district or agency’s policies regarding paraprofessional job descriptions, duties, and responsibilities provide the final word!

5. Agenda Define what is meant by an effective workforce Examine attitudes toward challenging behavior Discuss how to support nurturing and responsive relationships View high quality supportive environments Develop targeted social emotional supports for young children

6. Learner Objectives Participants will: Describe a framework for addressing social emotional development and challenging behavior. Identify strategies to promote positive behavior practices. Identify effective leadership strategies for paraprofessionals. Collaborate with appropriate partners to develop strategies for improving children’s social emotional and behavioral outcomes.

7. An Evidence Based Framework: The Pyramid Model Approach PROMOTION PREVENTION INTERVENTION

9. EFFECTIVE WORKFORCE

11. Effective Workforce Behavior that promotes and sustains the use of positive behavior practices. How does this connect to your professional responsibilities?

12. Managing Personal Stress: Thought Control Calming Thoughts “This child is testing to see where the limits are. My job is to stay calm and help him learn better ways to behave.” “I can handle this. I am in control. They have just learned some powerful ways to get control. I will teach them more appropriate ways to behave.” Upsetting Thoughts “That child is a monster. This is getting ridiculous. He’ll never change.” “I’m sick of putting out fires!”

13. Examining Our Attitudes About Challenging Behaviors What behaviors push your buttons? How do these behaviors make you feel? How does this impact your relationship with a child and his/her family? Activity

14. Managing Personal Stress: Thought Control Calming Thoughts “I feel undervalued right now – I need to seek support from my peers and supervisor.” “Having her in my class is going to be a wonderful Professional Development experience.” Upsetting Thought “I wonder if the corner grocery is hiring?” “He ruins everything! This is going to be the worst year of my career.”

15. Key Social Emotional Skills Children Need as They Enter School Confidence. Capacity to develop good relationships with peers and adults. Concentration and persistence on challenging tasks. Ability to effectively communicate emotions. Ability to listen to instructions and be attentive. Ability to solve social problems. What do children do when they don’t have each of these skills?

16. When children do not have these skills, they often exhibit challenging behaviors We must focus on TEACHING the skills! Key Social Emotional Skills Children Need as They Enter School

17. Children identified as hard to manage at ages 3-4 have higher probability (50:50) of continuing to have difficulties into adolescence. 17 Campbell & Ewing, 1990; Egeland et al., 1990; Fischer, Rolf, Hasazi, & Cummings, 1984

18. Some Basic Assumptions Challenging behavior usually has a message- I am bored, I am sad, you hurt my feelings, I need some attention. Children often use challenging behavior when they don’t have the social or communication skills they need to engage in more appropriate interactions. Behavior that persists over time is usually working for the child. We need to focus on teaching children what to do in place of the challenging behavior.

19. Preschool children are three times more likely to be “expelled” than children in grades K-12 (Gilliam, 2005)

20. Promoting Children’s Success Create an environment where EVERY child feels good about coming to school. Design an environment that promotes child engagement. Focus on teaching children what To Do! Teach expectations and routines. Teach skills that children can use in place of challenging behaviors.

21. Nurturing and Responsive Relationships

23. Supportive relationships are essential to promoting healthy social emotional development How does this connect to your professional responsibilities?

24. Building Relationships with Children Helps each child feel accepted in the group. Assists children in learning to communicate and get along with others. Encourages feelings of empathy and mutual respect among children and adults. Provides a supportive environment in which children can learn and practice appropriate and acceptable behaviors as individuals and as a group.

25. Building Relationships with Children Why is it important? Children with the most challenging behaviors especially need these relationships Adult time and attention are very important when children are behaving appropriately Parents and critical partners (such as mental health providers and therapists) need to work together to build children’s social emotional competence to ensure success.

26. Building Relationships with Children Why is it important? The relationships that we build with children, families, and colleagues are the foundation of everything we do. Building relationships early on make it easier to address problems when they arise. Children learn and develop in the context of relationships that are responsive, consistent, and nurturing.

27. Building Relationships with Children Play Time & Attention Home visits Share Empathy Notes home Happy Grams

28. Greet every child at the door by name. Post children’s work around the room. Have a “star” of the week who brings in special things from home and gets to share them during circle time. Call a child’s parent in front of them to say what a great day she is having or send home positive notes. Ideas for Making Deposits

29. Call a child after a difficult day and say, “I’m sorry we had a tough day today. I know tomorrow is going to be better!” Give high fives and thumbs up accomplishing tasks. Ideas for Making Deposits

30. Activity- Building Relationships How do you build positive relationships with Children? Families? Colleagues? Brainstorm a list of things you could do to build or strengthen relationships with children, families, or other colleagues. Share within your group. Identify 2-3 things you are going to do to build stronger relationships with children, families, and colleagues.

31. Building Relationships

32. When a child misses school tell him how much he was missed. Write on a t-shirt all the special things about a given child and let him/her wear it. Find time to read to individual children or a few children at a time. Acknowledge children’s efforts. Building Relationships

33. Find out what a child’s favorite book is and read it to the whole class. Give compliments liberally. Play with children, follow their lead. Let children make “All About Me” books and share them at Circle Time. Building Relationships

34. “Every child needs one person who is crazy about him.” ~ Uri Bronfenbrenner

35. High Quality Supportive Environments

37. High quality early childhood environments promote positive outcomes for all children How does this connect to your professional responsibilities?

38. High Quality Environments and Positive Outcomes Teachers report that challenging behavior is their number one training need and promoting social emotional development as the second. Eighty (80%) of teachers report that problem behavior negatively affects their job satisfaction and directors report that teachers are not effective in implementing prevention/promotion practices. Hemmeter, M.L. (2006). Research and Issues for Implementation, Policy and Scaling Up: Training & Supporting Personnel and Program Wide Implementation, presentation, Annual Policy Maker’s Summit, Center on Evidence-based Practices: Young Children with Challenging Behavior, Washington, Dc., November, 2006. www.challengingbehavior.orgwww.challengingbehavior.org

39. Create Meaningful and Engaging Learning Areas Stand in center of the room –Is there a clear entry to each center? –Is each center inviting? –Are there enough materials (3 units of play per child allowed in center)? –Is there a system in place for entering and exiting centers? –Are centers and materials/shelves labeled? –Is there a rotation of materials? –Are materials highly engaging? –Are the activities relevant to children’s needs, interests and lives?

40. Classroom Arrangement and Design: Traffic Patterns Minimize large open spaces Minimize obstacles and other hazards Consider the needs of children with physical and sensory disabilities

42. Classroom Arrangement and Design: Learning Centers Physical Design Clear boundaries Visibility Visual prompts when centers are not an option Adequate number of centers Size and location of centers Number of children in centers Organization of materials Preparation of centers

43. Classroom Arrangement and Design: Learning Centers Create meaningful and engaging learning centers Relevant to children’s needs, interests, and lives Highly engaging and interesting Variety of materials in each center Changed and rotated on a regular basis

44. Schedules and Routines Develop a schedule that promotes child engagement and success Balance activities - active and quiet - small group and large group - teacher-directed and child-directed Teach children the schedule Establish a routine and follow it consistently When changes are necessary, prepare children ahead of time

45. Teach with Visual Schedules

46. Photograph Visual Schedule

47. 1. Turn on water. 2. Wet hands. 3. Get soap. 4. Rinse hands. Photograph Visual Schedule

48. 5. Turn off water. 7. Throw away towel. 6. Dry hands. 8. Go play. Photograph Visual Schedule

49. Discuss these two writing centers. Physical Environment Strengths? Concerns?

50. Activity Turn-Taking Cue

51. Transition with Visual and Timer

52. Large Group Activities Planning the activity Consider the length Be clear about the purpose and goals of the activities Use circle time to teach new things

53. Large Group Activities Implementing the activity Provide opportunities for all children to be actively involved Assign jobs to children Vary your speech and intonation patterns Have children lead activities Pay attention to children’s behavior

54. Plan for transitions Minimize the number of transitions that children have during the day. Minimize the length of time children spend waiting with nothing to do. Prepare children for transitions by providing a warning. Structure the transitions so that children have something to do while they wait. Teach children the expectations related to transitions. Individualize supports and cues. Transitions

55. Targeted Social Emotional Supports

57. Systematic approaches to teaching social skills can have a preventive and remedial effect How does this connect to your professional responsibilities?

58. Giving Directions Make sure you have the children’s attention before you give the direction. Minimize the number of directions given to children. Individualize the way directions are given. Give clear directions.

59. Giving Directions Give directions that are positive. Give children the opportunity to respond to a direction. When appropriate, give the child choices and options for following directions. Follow through with positive acknowledgment of children’s behavior.

60. General Guidelines About Rules Have a few simple classroom rules. Involve the children in developing the rules. Post the rules visually. Teach the rules systematically. Reinforce the rules at high rates initially and at lower rates throughout the year.

61. Rules Should Address Noise level Movement inside Interactions with property Interactions with adults Interactions with peers

62. Involve Children in Developing the Rules Have children help generate the rules. Name the rule and have a child demonstrate the rule. Name the rule and have the children identify the visuals that might go on a poster. Have children help decorate a rules poster.

63. Key Point: Intentionally Teach! (Teach me what to do!) Friendship skills Emotion words/feelings How to recognize feelings in oneself and others How to “calm down” How to control anger and impulse How to problem solve

64. Rules Activity Develop a list of 3-5 rules you use or would use in a classroom. Discuss these rules with others in your group. Brainstorm fun and creative ways for teaching the rules.

65. Fun Ways to Reinforce the Rules Rules Bingo! Make a big book about school rules Homework– what are your rules at home? Play “rule charades”

66. Ongoing Monitoring and Positive Attention Give children attention when they are engaging in appropriate behaviors. Monitor our behavior to ensure we spend more time using positive descriptive language less time giving directions or correcting inappropriate behavior.

67. Using Positive Feedback and Encouragement Use nonverbal forms of positive feedback and encouragement. Individualize use of positive feedback and encouragement based on children’s needs and preferences. Encourage other adults and peers to use positive feedback and encouragement.

68. If there is anything that we wish to change in the child, we should first examine it and see whether it is not something that could better be changed in ourselves. Carl Jung – psychiatrist

69. BE THE CHANGE YOU WISH TO SEE Mahatma Gandhi

70. Major Messages The first and most important thing that we can do is to build positive relationships with every child and family. Focus on prevention and teaching appropriate skills. Promoting social emotional development is not easy. There are no quick fixes to challenging behavior. It requires a comprehensive approach that includes building relationships, evaluating our own classrooms and behaviors, and TEACHING.

71. Learner Objectives Participants will: Describe a framework for addressing social emotional development and challenging behavior. Identify strategies to promote positive behavior practices. Identify effective leadership strategies for paraprofessionals. Collaborate with appropriate partners to develop strategies for improving children’s social emotional and behavioral outcomes.

72. CSEFEL WEBSITE http://csefel.vanderbilt.edu/

73. Contact Information www.pattan.net Dr. De Voka Gordon dgordon@pattanpgh.net 412-826-2336, ext. 6832 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Edward G. Rendell, Governor Pennsylvania Department of Education Thomas E. Gluck, Acting Secretary Amy Morton, Deputy Secretary Office of Elementary and Secondary Education John J. Tommasini, Director Bureau of Special Education Patricia Hozella, Assistant Director Bureau of Special Education