1. Surface Water Includes: River Systems Ponds Lakes

2. RIVER SYSTEMS Headwaters: The source of a river powered by gravity Includes many small streams Tributary: Are where streams and smaller river feed into a main river Tributaries along with the rivers make up the River System

3. RIVER SYSTEMS Flood Plains: A flat valley where rivers flow through. Oxbow Lake: Formed when a river curves and then is cut off from the flow Meander: Looping and curves of a river

4. RIVER SYSTEMS Mouth: Where the river flows into a larger body of water. (lake or ocean) River slows River deposits sediment creating a “delta”

5. RIVER SYSTEMS Watersheds: Land that supplies water to the river system Also known as “drainage basins” Large rivers can ‘drain’ into larger rivers becoming part of their watershed.

6. RIVER SYSTEMS Divides: Separate one watershed from another by a ridge of land Two divides: Rocky Mountains Water flows to Pacific Ocean or Great Basin Appalachian Mountains

7. RIVER SYSTEMS Erosion: Occurs along riverbank curves Changes the route of a river or stream Will deposit material into lakes and Oceans

8. Rivers Shaping the Land

9. Activity Summarize : River systems

10. Ponds Bodies of freshwater Contain still standing water Differ from lakes: Smaller Shallower Sunlight usually reaches the bottom

11. Ponds Forms when water collects in hollows and low- lying area of land Formed by rainfall, melted snow and ice, rivers, groundwater, and runoff Thriving Habitats Algae and plants provide the oxygen Bottom covered in mud and algae

12. Lakes Lake Bottoms: Sand Pebble Rocks Sunlight does not reach

13. Lakes Life/biome: Wildlife/vegetation similar to ponds around edge. No plant life on bottom Bottom alive with worms, clams and mollusks Larger predator fish (sturgeon, pike)

14. Lakes Types of Lakes: Volcanic crater Formed when water collects in craters of old volcanoes Depression by glacier’s Formed by movements of glaciers Reservoir Human made for human use

15. Lakes Lake Formation (cont.): Oxbow Formed when rivers change course Movement of Earth’s crust Forms deep valleys

16. Lakes Lake changes over time: Seasonal change Long-Term change Death of a Body of Fresh Water

17. Lakes Seasonal Change: Summer lake stays cool lower down and warm on the surface Fall the water cools and sinks to the bottom causing “turnover” Turnover: when lake water mixes Materials rise from the bottom to top

18. Lakes Seasonal Change (cont.): Turnover refreshes nutrients throughout the lake Nutrients: are substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus Enables plants and algae to grow

19. Lakes Long-Term Change: Organism waste and plant debris Release nutrients Build up on the bottom Algae feed on nutrients Build up of nutrients cause eutrophication eutrophication: build up of nutrients and increase in algae

20. Lakes Death of a lake: Occurs when algae gets so thick it blocks out sunlight Lack of photosynthesis and oxygen Organisms begin to die off Lake becomes shallower More plants take root, water evaporates, grasses

21. Lakes Death of a lake: More plants take root Water evaporates Grasses grow Change from lake, to swamp, marsh, pond, to bog Eventually changing to meadow

22. Ponds, Lakes and Pools

23. Activity Summarize : Ponds and Lakes