1. WHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8-1: Discuss sources of stress (conflicts, frustration, etc.), measures of stress, and theories of stress (general adaptation theory)

2. We are here Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Outline Definition of Stress –Acute stress –Chronic stress Types of Stressors Appraisal Measures of stress, Theories of stress –Evolutionary Perspective –General Adaptation Theory Outline

4. What are your SOURCES of stress?

5. Gender difference?

6. Stress A state of psychological tension or strain A reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium. A stressful event can trigger the “fight- or-flight” response, causing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to surge through the body.adrenaline Outline

7. Types of Stress – Acute Stress Stress resulting from specific events or situations that involve novelty, unpredictability, or a threat to you physically. Fires the SNS Helps you deal with danger. Examples – almost getting into a car accident, giving a public speech, playing a sport running from a Walker.

8. Types of Stress – Chronic Stress Response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period over which an individual perceives he or she has no control. It involves an endocrine system response in which occurs a release of corticosteroids. This has long term negative effects on your health.

9. Teens and stress Many American teens report experiencing stress at unhealthy levels, appear uncertain in their stress management techniques and experience symptoms of stress in numbers that mirror adults’ experiences.

10. Teen stress reporting

11. Stress is not new Lowell Mill Girls - female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. As young as 15, 73 hours a week, cramped quarters, and sexual harassment or assault in the workplace. Alexander Gray, a pump boy aged 10 years old. reported in 1842 Royal Commision into working conditions, said: "I pump out the water in the under bottom of the pit to keep the mens room dry. I am obliged to pump fast or the water would cover me. I had to run away a few weeks ago as the water came up so fast that could not pump at all. The water frequently covers my legs. I have been two years at the pump. I am paid 10 pence a day. No holiday but the Sabbath. I go down at three, sometimes five in the morning, and come up at six or seven at night.

12. Stressors events/circumstances that can cause stress Just because you experience a stressor doesn’t mean you will feel ‘stressed’ How stressed you feel depends on other factors that we will explore later.

13. Types of Stressors Life changes Everyday hassles –Pressure Occurs when we feel forced to speed up or shift focus of our behavior –Frustration Occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal Delays Lack of Resources Losses Failure Discrimination

14. Types of Stressors Cont’d Conflict –Simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, goals, or needs Approach/approach conflict occurs when there is a conflict between two appealing possibilities –Regret Avoidance/avoidance conflict occurs when there is a choice between two undesirable possibilities –Escape Approach/avoidance conflict is the result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal –Paralysis

15. Stressors Turns into Stress through Appraisal Differences in reaction to stressors may be due to an individual’s appraisal

16. Measures of Stressors - SRRS Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) –Assesses impact of major life changes –A total of 150 or less is good, suggesting a low level of stress in your life and a low probability of developing a stress-related disorder. –If your score is 300 or more, statistically you stand an almost 80% chance of getting sick in the near future. –If your score is 150 to 299, the chances are about 50%. At less than 150, about 30%. –This scale seems to suggest that change in ones life requires an effort to adapt and then an effort to regain stability.

17. SRRS Life Event Valu e Death of Spouse100 Divorce73 Marital separation65 Jail term63 Death of close family member63 Personal injury or illness53 Marriage50 Fired at work47 Marital reconciliation45 Retirement45 Change in health of family member44 Pregnancy40 Sex difficulties39 Gain of new family member39 Business readjustment39 Change in financial state38 Death of close friend37 Change to a different line of work36 Change in number of arguments with spouse 35 Home Mortgage over $100,000*31 Foreclosure or mortgage or loan30 Change in responsibilities at work29 Son or daughter leaving home29 Trouble with in-laws29 Outstanding personal achievement28 Spouse begins or stops work26 Begin or end school26 Change in living conditions25 Revision of personal habits24 Trouble with boss23 Change in work hours or conditions20 Change in residence20 Change in schools20 Change in recreation19 Change in church activities19 Change in social activities18 Mortgage or loan of less than $100,000* 17 Change in sleeping habits16 Change in number of family get- togethers 15 Change in eating habits15 Single person living alone** Other- describe** Total:

18. College Undergraduate Stress Scale The average score is 1247 with scores ranging from 182 to 2571. The normal range is from 800 to 1700. The average college student experiences 15 to 20 stressful events a year.

19. Stress – Evolutionary Perspective Stress gave/gives a survival advantage to dangerous situations. Stress, like fever and pain, is useful in certain situations.

20. General Adaptation Syndrome According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases.

21. We are here Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

22. Essential Task 8-2: Effects of stress on pychological/physical well-being How to cope with stress Outline

23. Stress and Causes of Death Prolonged stress combined with unhealthy behaviors may increase our risk for one of today's four leading diseases.

24. Health Psychology Health psychology is a field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine. The field studies stress-related aspects of disease and asks the following questions: 1.How do emotions and personality factors influence the risk of disease? 2.What attitudes and behaviors prevent illness and promote health and well- being? 3.How do our perceptions determine stress? 4.How can we reduce or control stress?

25. Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems. Stress and Illness

26. Stress and Heart Disease Frequent or chronic stress can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels Type A personality –Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people –Respond to life events with impatience and hostility –Correlated with development of heart disease Type B personality –Relaxed and easygoing

27. Stress and the Immune System B lymphocytes fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes attack cancer cells and viruses, and microphages ingest foreign substances. During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it vulnerable. Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer Ingelhein International GmbH

28. Stress and Colds People with the highest life stress scores were also the most vulnerable when exposed to an experimental cold virus.

29. Stress and AIDS Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). UNAIDS/ G. Pirozzi

30. Stress and Cancer Stress does not create cancer cells. Researchers disagree on whether stress influences the progression of cancer. However, they do agree that avoiding stress and having a hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.

31. Health-Related Consequences Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences.

32. 32 Stressful Life Events Catastrophic Events: earthquakes, combat stress, floods etc. lead individuals to become depressed, sleepless, & anxious.

33. 33 Significant Life Changes Loved one’s death, Divorce, Jobloss Home purchase, A promotion, Marriage, may leave individuals vulnerable to disease.

34. 34 Daily Hassles MOST significant sources of stress & can damage health … Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnt-out ……. It’s the response that matters Others: Poverty, unemployment, solo parenting, overcrowding etc. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/health-human-body-sci/human- body/science-stress-sci/ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/health-human-body-sci/human- body/science-stress-sci/

35. Managing Stress Having a sense of control, an optimistic explanatory style, and social support can reduce stress and improve health.

36. Aerobic Exercise Can aerobic exercise boost spirits? Many studies suggest that aerobic exercise can elevate mood and well-being because aerobic exercise raises energy, increases self- confidence, and lowers tension, depression, and anxiety.

37. Biofeedback, Relaxation, and Meditation Biofeedback systems use electronic devices to inform people about their physiological responses and gives them the chance to bring their response to a healthier range. Relaxation and meditation have similar effects in reducing tension and anxiety.

38. Life-Style Modifying a Type-A lifestyle may reduce the recurrence of heart attacks.

39. Spirituality & Faith Communities Regular religious attendance has been a reliable predictor of a longer life span with a reduced risk of dying.

40. Intervening Factors Investigators suggest there are three factors that connect religious involvement and better health.

41. Managing Stress: Summary How can stress be managed?