2. The Carbon Cycle - the movement of carbon between the organisms, atmosphere, oceans, and soil. The exchange of carbon happens between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things. Only 1% of carbon is circulated, held in the atmosphere, and used for photosynthesis.

3. The Abiotic Environment Carbon exists in abiotic environments as: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas Carbonate rocks (CaCO 3 ) Examples: limestone Fossil Fuels Example: coal, petroleum, natural gas Dead organic material

4. The Biotic Environment Carbon: Plants take in carbon dioxide and use the carbon to produce carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Animals eat food that contains carbon. Remember: Autotrophs – living things that make their own food (sugar). Producers – take carbon out of the atmosphere and convert it using the process of photosynthesis.

5. The Cycle Begins… Once the carbon is in living organisms, it is further converted and released: Consumption (Carbon transfers to consumer when it’s eaten) Decomposition (Carbon transfers to the soil via decay) Respiration (Carbon releases into the air as CO 2 gas)

7. Not only is carbon in the air, but oceans as well where it absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Phytoplankton convert CO 2 into food using the process of photosynthesis. Carbon Sink – a natural or manmade reservoir that holds and stores carbon for long periods of time Ex: Landfills, oceans

8. When living things die, they will decompose into the soil, and press together to turn into a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are also termed a carbon sink and have only been considered that in the past 200 years. Carbon Cycle Tutorial

12. Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (carbon dioxide) (water) (sugar) (oxygen) Remember: plants can store sugar as starches (carbohydrates). Oxygen is a byproduct. Where do plants get carbon dioxide from? Water from?

13. Remember, autotrophs are producers that include: Plants Algae Some bacteria

14. Photosynthesis begins in the leaf of a plant, in the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs all colors of light except for green. Green light is reflected so this is why most plants appear green.

16. ROY G. BIV The Visible Spectrum Sunlight that we see is called “white light” White light makes up the Visible Spectrum where we can see different colors.

17. Chloroplast contain more pigments in addition to just chlorophyll. The other pigments are called accessory pigments. Accessory pigments absorb other types of light chlorophyll cannot absorb. They help plants use the full spectrum of light (ROY G BIV). Ex. Carotenoid is a pigment that absorbs blue and green light, but reflects red and yellow light.

18. Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (energy) ( sugar) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide)(water) Respiration - breaks down glucose to make (release) energy (ATP) Occurs in ALL living things. CO 2 and H 2 O are byproducts.

19. ATP Stand for Adenosine Triphosphate The “universal” energy. Needed to run all processes necessary to support life such as thinking, running, breathing, etc. ATP releases energy by breaking off phosphate (P) for a cell to use to do work. ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY ADP is Adenosine Diphosphate. You can also store energy by making ATP. ADP + P + ENERGY  ATP

21. Endergonic - energy has to be added in order for the reaction to occur (sunlight). Photosynthesis is an example of an endergonic reaction. Exergonic - energy is released when this type of reaction occurs. Respiration is an example of an exergonic reaction.

23. When O2 is present aerobic respiration occurs. This is the “normal” most preferable process of respiration for humans because it makes more ATP (energy). Glucose + 6O 2  6CO 2 +6H 2 O + 38ATP (energy) This occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.

24. Sometimes respiration needs to happen when oxygen, is not present. When O 2 is not present, anaerobic respiration occurs. This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

25. Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose → CO 2 + 2ATP + alcohol Ex: Yeast causes bread dough to rise when baked and alcohol evaporates.

26. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose → Lactic acid + 2ATP Ex: Humans produce lactic acid in their muscles during rapid exercise. Sprinting, weight lifting, etc. Provides far less energy than aerobic respiration

28. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect – gases are creating a curtain around the Earth trapping sunlight in the atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.

30. Global Warming Global warming – a gradual increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans causing an increase in the greenhouse effect which in turn has increased the average global temperature.

31. Human-caused activities have aided in global warming starting from the Industrial Revolution. Power plants 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry comes from coal. Car emissions 33% of US carbon dioxide emissions. Deforestation Agriculture Methane is 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, but there is not nearly as much methane made. Causes of Global Warming

34. Effects of Global Warming Polar ice caps have been melting rapidly. In 2006, almost all of the 300 glaciers worldwide are melting. Sea level rising quickly. Precipitation (rain and snow) has increased. Increases in temperature and precipitation have caused many animals to migrate to cooler areas.

35. This is what Spain and many different ports could look like in the future with the rising sea levels.

36. Increased acidity in oceans. More carbon dioxide is being absorbed in not only the atmosphere but also the oceans. Acidic oceans are killing marine life.

37. Your Carbon Footprint… Carbon Footprint – the amount of greenhouse gases an individual, business, and/or object produces. Strategies have been created to reduce carbon footprints. How can you reduce your own carbon footprint?

38. How Can You Decrease Your Carbon Footprint? Only run the dishwasher and washing machine when completely full. If 500,000 people ran their washing machines when full, they could save over 27 million pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Wash clothes in cold water instead of hot. 95% of the energy used heats the water.

39. Organize a carpool with friends, enjoy a nice walk, or bicycle ride. If a million people did this, they would prevent 395,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year from polluting the air. Skip an unnecessary car trip once a week. Readjust your thermostat to turn the heat down or the air conditioning up a couple of degrees.

40. Plug all appliances into a power strip and turn off all appliances when not in use. 40% of the energy consumed in the house is when items are not in use. If 1 million people did this, then 1,000 tons of carbon dioxide would be saved. Use 100% recycled paper. Use energy efficient light bulbs, cars, appliances, etc.