1. Impact of Large-Scale PV Penetration on Power System Voltage and Angle Stability Caleb Walker and Alex Chan July 18, 2013 Knoxville, TN

2. Overview Power system basics Solar power (CSP and PV) Our project 06-2

3. Our Goal To research and understand the basics of solar technology and power systems Analyze the effect of inserting solar panels into a large-scale power system 06-3

4. Basic Terminology Voltage (V)- Potential energy source Current (I)- Flow of electrons, pushed and pulled by voltage Resistance(R)- reduces current, causing heat due to friction

5. Physical Laws Faraday’s Law- A voltage is produced on any conductor in a changing magnetic field Ampere’s and Lenz’s Law- A current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire

6. Power System

7. Generation

8. Transmission The process of transporting electricity from the generators to the load Why does increased voltage yield less power loss? S = VI* Power Loss = I 2 R

9. Transformers Used to step up and step down voltage How do they work? Physical Laws 1 and 2!

10. Solar Power Enough energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour to produce enough power for the world for the year Two types: CSP and PV

11. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Uses lenses and mirrors to focus sunlight Most common model of CSP is the parabolic trough

12. CSP Cont. It is easy to integrate CSP into the grid because it uses conventional steam turbines Run about 20% efficiency Because of steam turbines, hybrid configurations can be built 06-12

13. Photovoltaic Cells Device that directly converts sunlight into electricity Absorbed light energy is transferred to electrons in the atoms of semiconductor materials

14. PV Trends Crystalline silicon is the most widely used semi- conductor  About 20% efficient  Accounts for roughly 80% of the market Thin film solar cells  Well suited for mass production  More flexible and easy to integrate  Reduce costs but lowers efficiency  Amorphous silicon is most common 06-14

15. “3 rd Generation” PV Panels 06-15

16. PV market dominated by Europe 06-16

17. PSS/E Power System Simulator for Engineering Program for simulating, analyzing, and optimizing power system performance Power flow calculations 06-17

18. 06-18

19. Our project Using PSS/E, we modeled a 39 bus power system and determined the effects of adding PV panels to four of the busses. 06-19

20. 06-20 Area Tested

21. 06-21 System before PV is Added

22. 06-22 System After PV is Added

23. Results-Voltage 06-23

24. 06-24 Results-Angle

25. 06-25 Conclusion The addition of photovoltaics increases the stability of the power system.

26. Acknowledgements We would like to thank: Our mentor, Fenkai CURENT FACULTY 06-26

27. Questions? 06-27