1. Alkanes

2. Carbon has 4 bonding electrons

3. Carbon can bond to itself in chains or rings

4. Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds

5. Carbon can form isomers (same formula, different names, characteristics and properties)

6. Organic Compounds Carbon and Hydrogen (bonded together) Excluding OXIDES, CARBIDES, CARBONATES, CYANIDES

7. Complete structural diagram i.e. 3-methyl heptane

8. Condensed Structural Diagram i.e. 3 methyl heptane

9. Line Structural Diagram Aka Skeleton diagram i.e. 3-methyl heptane

10. ALKANES Hydrocarbon compounds All carbons are SATURATED (meaning all single bonds) Acyclic (meaning no loops)

11. C n H 2n+2 i.e. C 7 H 16

12. IUPAC Naming the root is names using the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and applying the standard greek name the suffix “ane” is added to the appropriate numbering

13. Prefix# of Carbons Meth1 Eth2 Prop3 But4 Pent5 Hex6 Hept7 Oct8 Non9 Dec10

14. every side chain is named by subtracting the “ane” and adding “yl” suffix each side chain is numbered by its distance from the first carbon in the chain (so to have the lowest numbers)

15. Example Name the following alkane

16. Example 2 Name the following alkane CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3

17. Example 3 Name the following alkane

18. Example 4, 5, 6, 7 3,3,4,5-tetramethyl decane 3-ethyl 5-methyl octane 4-butyl 3-ethyl 2,6-dimethyl nonane 3-ethyl 2,3,3-trimethyl heptane

19. Commercial Importance of Alkanes Natural gas = mainly methane (also includes ethane, propane, butane and pentane) Natural gas is heated in a fractional distillation town to remove H2S

21. Petroleum = variety of alkanes separated by fractional distillation Fuel, wax, lubricants, asphalt, tar and sulfur all come from petroleum Pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, pesticides and plastics are manufactured from petroleum

23. Properties of Alkanes Non polar molecules as the length of the chain increases, the sum of the intermolecular forces increases shape and size affect the boiling point Increase the branching decreases the boiling point Increasing the number of carbons increases the boiling point