1. Minerals

2. Matter  Matter is anything that has volume and mass Solid- definite shape and volume Liquid- only definite volume Gas- neither definite shape or volume

3. Matter is made of…  Element- cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical or physical means

4. Periodic Table  Elements are visually represented on the Periodic Table  Symbol- letter(s) representing name of element  Atomic number- above symbol (# of protons)

6. Elements are made of…  Atom- the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element Atomic mass- protons AND neutrons Atomic #- number of protons

7. # of protons = # of electrons (but ONLY protons are in nucleus, electrons orbit around the nucleus) Atoms of the same element ALWAYS have the same # of protons

8. Atom model

9. Isotope  Atoms that have the same # of protons, but different numbers of neutrons  Therefore, the mass number is different  FYI- all atoms have the same atomic # BUT may have multiple isotopes (each with different mass #s)

10. Isotopes…which element?  http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T046738A.gif

11. Bonding of Atoms  Bonding- atoms combine to form compounds- they either gain, lose or share electrons  Compound- substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions

12. Minerals  All minerals must meet these 5 criteria: 1. Naturally occurring- formed by natural geologic processes 2. Solid- definite volume and shape 3. Orderly crystalline structure- atoms or ions are arranged in an orderly & repetitive manner

13. 4. Definite chemical composition- chemical compound made of 2 or more elements 5. Inorganic- not made of living or previously living compounds

14. How Minerals Form  Crystallize from magma- as magma cools, elements combine  Precipitation- water evaporates, or changes temperature, minerals are left behind

15.  Recrystallization- Changes in pressure & temperature, or atoms are rearranged creating new minerals  Hydrothermal solutions- hot solutions chemically change minerals into new minerals

16. Mineral Groups  Common minerals are grouped based on composition Silicates- (most common) silicon (Si) & oxygen (O)  Examples- quartz, olivine, augite, hornblende, mica, feldspars

17. Carbonates- (2 nd most common group) carbon (C), O & one or more other elements (usually a metal)  Examples- calcite, dolomite Oxides- O & 1 or more elements (usually metals)  Examples- rutile (titanium oxide), corundum (aluminum oxide), hematite (iron oxide)

18. Sulfates & Sulfides- contain sulfur (S)  Examples- anhydrite, gypsum, galena, sphalerite, pyrite Halides- halogen ion (from Group 7A on periodic table)  Examples- halite (NaCl), flourite (CaF 2 )

19. Native elements- exist in relatively pure form  Examples:  Gold (Au)  Silver (Ag)  Copper (Cu)  Sulfur (S)  Diamond and Graphite (C)

20. Properties for Identification  Color- not often reliable; small amounts of different elements give the same mineral different colors  http://www.ayresdigitaldoodlings.com/images/WS%20Quartz%20Crystals.jpg

21.  Hardness- measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched Can be found by rubbing the mineral against another mineral (or object) of known hardness  Mohs Hardness Scale- minerals are arranged on a scale from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest)

22.  Streak- color of mineral in its powdered form Obtained by rubbing mineral across streak plate (unglazed porcelain tile) Color of mineral may vary, but streak does not Metallic minerals- dense, dark streak

23.  Luster- how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral Metallic- appearance of a metal Metallic Vitreous- glassy (like quartz) Vitreous Submetallic- somewhat metallic Adamantine- diamond Pearly, silky, earthy

24.  Crystal form- visible expression of mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms  http://www.thaigem.com/images/tg/images/buyer/mineral_crystal.jpg

25.  Cleavage- tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces Cleavage  Fracture- minerals that do not show cleavage when broken; uneven breakage Fracture

26.  Density- ratio of an object’s mass to volume (a specific mineral will always have the same density)

27.  Distinctive properties: Feel Smell Magnetic Transparent Chemically reactive