1. Stylized atomic structure

2. periodic chart of the elements

3. C H Carbon Hydrogen

4. Na Na+ cation

5. Cl Cl- anion

6. C H H HH CH 4 - methane 4 covalent bonds

7. Na+Cl- Ionic bond Sodium chloride

8. O H H H 2 O - water Polar covalent - +

9. O H H O H H O H H - + - + - + Hydrogen bonds

10. CH 2 OH OH Glucose

11. CH 2 OH OH CH 2 OH OH Glucose + glucose = OH Maltose + H 2 O H-O-H Formation of a disaccharide

12. A short polysaccharide

13. C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = O - O-H R - C = O - O-H Generalized fatty acid R - C = O - O-H

14. R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H 3 fatty acidsglycerol - C-H -OH-O-H -OH-O-H -OH-O-H Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) + 3H 2 O H-O-H

15. R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H -O R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O triacylglycerol phospholipid

16. O H H - + C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = O - O-H

17. R - C = O R - C = O R - C = O - C-H H H -O R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O triacylglycerol phospholipid

18. R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O hydrophilic hydrophobic

19. R - C = O R - C = O H – C – O – P – O - H H - C-H -O = O - O Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Representation of a phospholipid

20. water

21. Inside cell membrane Outside cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer/structure of cell membrane

22. H - N - C - C = O - O -H H - - R Basic amino acid structure Amino group Carboxyl group

23. H - N - C - C = O H - - R N - C - C = O - O -H H - - R - O -H H - H-O-H Formation on peptide bond Peptide bond

24. Amino acid A polypeptide

25. Primary structure Secondary structure - alpha helix Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Protein structure

26. Nucleotide structure O CC CC C Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base P Phosphate group

27. Sugar phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases Structure of RNA

28. AT CG CG T A Structure of DNA Hydrogen bonds