1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings General Structure of Vertebrae Figure 7.15 1.Body 2.Spinous process 3.Transverse process 4.Vertebral foramen 5.Superior Articular process 6.Inferior articular process 7.Intervertebral foramen 8.Vertebral notch

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings General Structure of Vertebrae Figure 7.15

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Vertebrae Table 7.3a 1.Atlas 2.Axis with dens 3.Transverse foramina

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Vertebrae Table 7.3a

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Vertebrae Figure 7.17a

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Atlas Figure 7.16a

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Atlas Figure 7.16b

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axis Figure 7.16c

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Vertebrae Table 7.3b 1. Articular facet for rib (on transverse process)

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Vertebrae Table 7.3b

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lumbar Vertebrae Table 7.3c 1. Large body; very thick!

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.17c

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lumbar Vertebrae Table 7.3c

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.18a, b SACRUM 1. Five fused vertebral portions COCCYX 1. Three to five fused vertebrae

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacrum Figure 7.18a, b

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Curvatures of The Vertebral Column Figure 7.13

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions and Normal Curvatures Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches) Vertebral column is divided into five major regions Cervical vertebrae – 7 vertebrae of the neck region Thoracic vertebrae – 12 vertebrae of the thoracic region Lumbar vertebrae – 5 vertebrae of the lower back Sacrum – inferior to lumbar vertebrae – articulates with coxal bones Coccyx – most inferior region of the vertebral column

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions and Normal Curvatures Four distinct curvatures give vertebral column an S-shape Cervical and lumbar curvatures– concave posteriorly (secondary curves) Thoracic and sacral curvatures – convex posteriorly (primary curves) Curvatures increase the resilience of the spine

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs: True, False, and Floating Figure 7.19a

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs Figure 7.20a 1.Head 2.Neck 3.Tubercle 4.Superior margin 5.Inferior margin

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sternum Figure 7.19a 1.Manubrium 2.Body 3.Xiphoid process 4.Costal cartilage

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sternum Figure 7.19a

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How CPR compresses the heart between vertebrae and sternum Figure 7.19b

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ribs