1. Presidential Reconstruction 5.1

2. Presidential Reconstruction Plans ► Lincoln ► Offered pardon to confederates who took oath of allegiance to Union & accepted fed. Policy on slavery ► Denied pardons to all Confed. military/gov’t officials + southerners who had killed Af.Am. War prisoners ► Permitted each state to create a new state const. after 10% of vobters had sworn allegiance to the Union ► States could then resume full participation in the Union ► Johnson ► Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union ► Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention ► States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confed. debt ► States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union

3. Southern Response to Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan ► Black Codes- Laws that restricted freedmen’s rights including:  Curfews: could not gather after sunset  Vagrancy laws: if convicted of vagrancy- fined, whipped, sold for a year’s labor  Labor contracts: year long labor contracts  Land restrictions: could rent only in rural areas

4. The Civil War took a huge physical and human toll on the South ► The war destroyed two thirds of southern shipping and 9000 mi. of railroad ► The South lost 1/5 of its adult white men ► Countless civilians died

5. Three major groups of people faced hardships and fears ► Black southerners often found themselves homeless, jobless, and hungry ► Plantation owners lost slave labor, faced property seizure by the federal government, and often had to sell their property to cover debts ► Poor whites southerners who swore allegiance to the Union

6. Newly freed slaves celebrated their new freedom ► African Americans in the South set up their own churches ► African American pursued an education, especially to learn to read ► Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide food, medicine, and other relief to African Americans

7. Congressional Reconstruction 5.2

8. Congress takes over Reconstruction ► Southern defiance of Reconstruction enraged northern Republicans in Congress ► Passed Civil Rights Act in 1866 outlawing black codes ► Passed Fourteenth Amendment

9. Fourteenth Amendment- 1868 ► “All persons born or naturalized in the United States... are citizens of the united States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws...”  Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1

10. Radical Reconstruction ► Radicals swept into Congress by voters in response to Johnson’s opposition of the Fourteenth Amendment ► Leading spokesmen for the Radical Republicans in their fight to win civil rights for African Americans  Charles Sumner  Thaddeus Stevens

11. “reform, not revenge” Reconstruction Act of 1867 ► Put the South under military rule ► Ordered southern states to hold new elections for delegates to create new state constitutions ► Required states to allow all qualified male voters, including Af.Am. to vote in the elections ► Temporarily barred those who had supported the Confed. from voting ► Required southern states to guarantee equal rights to all citizens ► Required the states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

12. Power struggle between branches of government ► 1868- Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (appointed by Lincoln) ► Challenged the Tenure of Office Act just passed by Congress in 1867 which placed limits on the Pres. Power to hire and fire gov’t officials ► Johnson impeached- 1 st Pres. In U.S. history to be impeached ► Johnson not impeached by 1 vote! ► Sets precedent- only the most serious crimes, and not merely a partisan dispute with Congress, could remove a pres. From office

13. Grant elected ► Fifteenth Amendment ratified in 1870 ► Stated that no citizen may be denied the right to vote “by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”  Leads to integration of the Capitol; 1 st Af.Am., Hiram Revels, became the 1 st Af.Am. Elected to the senate

14. Birth of the “New South” 5.3

15. Labor ► Planters had land, but had difficulty finding labor  Hard  Little pay in comparison to other job markets ► Freedmen had their own labor, but no land

16. Farming ► Labor shortage resulted in new farming arrangement called sharecropping  Farmed a portion of a planter’s land and as payment the family was promised a “share” of the crop  Created cycle of debt ► Tenant Farming- leased farmland

17. Sharecropping and the Cycle of Debt Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land Poor whites and freedmen sign contracts to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for a part of the crop Land lord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing and food At harvest time the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his share of the crops is worth Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt tot the landlord

18. Effects on the South ► Changes in the labor force ► Emphasis on cash crops ► Cycle of debt ► Rise of merchants

19. Growth of Industry ► Rebuilding and extension of southern railroads (40% increase of track) ► Railroads caused growth of cities! ► Major success of Reconstruction!!! ► Most southern factories did not make finished goods- the South did not become and industrialized, urban region like the North!

20. Funding Reconstruction ► Growth of business = better times for everyone = gospel of prosperity ► Rebuilt infrastructure (public property and services a society uses) such as roads, bridges, canals, railroads, telegraph lines ► How funded?  Some by congress and private investors  Most through heavy taxes on individuals still in debt from the war ► Resented extra financial burden ► Further angered by money lost to corruption

21. Corruption ► Republicans and Democrats cooperated “... whenever anything is proposed which promises to pay”