2. Chapter 2 Historical Roots of American Government Word.

3. Leading Up to the Declaration ► The Magna Carta (1215)  First document to limit the power of a king  Guaranteed some rights– king could not punish someone without jury trial

4. Leading Up to the Declaration ► John Locke’s 2 nd Treatise on Government  Natural Rights – men had rights given to them by God before governments were ever created. John Locke

5. Leading Up to the Declaration ► Man’s natural rights are:  LIFE  LIBERTY  PROPERTY  Government’s purpose is to protect these, not take them away!

6. Britain Messes with the Colonies ► The Stamp Act 1765  Required every published piece of paper to receive a British stamp of approval, and pay a tax with it

7. Colonial Unity ► Stamp Act Congress (1765)  9 colonies joined together to protest England’s Stamp Act, and England repealed it

8. Colonial Unity ► First Continental Congress (1774)  Trying to repair relationship with Britain  Sent a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” to the king, boycotted trade with England

9. Colonial Unity ► Second Continental Congress (1775)  Trying to defeat Britain  Convened in the middle of the Revolutionary War

10. Colonial Unity ► Second Continental Congress (1775)  Elected George Washington Commander-in-Chief of the Army

11. The Declaration of Independence July 4 th, 1776

12. Fundamentals of the Declaration ► Men have inalienable natural rights ► Governments exist by the consent of the governed ► Abusive governments can be replaced

13. Foreign Perspectives A Look at Cuba’s ex- President, El Presidenté Fidel Castro. Now brother Raul rules…

14. Our First Government ► The Articles of Confederation  A huge mistake, but a good learning experience

15. The Articles of Confederation ► Was not a strong national government ► Rather, it was a “firm league of friendship” between 13 independent states

16. Problems with the Articles ► National Government could not:  Collect Taxes  Regulate Trade Between States  Create a Court System  Use Troops Without Permission from the States

17. Problems with the Articles ► As a result:  States never sent the government any money  States boycotted each other’s goods and currency  States made trade agreements with foreign countries

18. Features of the Articles Government ► Legislative Branch (Congress)  Unicameral (One House)  States could send as many or as few Reps. as they wanted  Each state gets 1 vote regardless of number of Reps.  Any change to the Articles required approval of all 13 states

19. Features of the Articles Government ► Executive Branch  No national executive branch  All executive and judicial powers were given to the states  Hip Hughes Articles of Confederation Hip Hughes Articles of Confederation Hip Hughes Articles of Confederation

20. The Constitutional Convention May 25 th to September 17 th, 1787

21. The Constitutional Convention ► Original purpose was to revise the Articles ► Read only ► What ended up happening was a secret meeting where the Founding Fathers created a brand new government

23. Washington: Okay, any suggestions on how to fix this thing?

25. Madison: Ain’t gonna happen, Georgie.

27. Hamilton: Yeah, it’s time to smack it up, ballaz!

29. Washington: You know, I really like the Articles, guys.

31. Washington: j/k, dawgs.

32. lol :)

33. lol ;-> Ben Franklin: Holla!

34. Creating the Constitution ► Who were the Framers (Writers)?  55 of the most brilliant minds in history  Most were in their 30’s and 40’s  Most famous names : George Washington, James Madison, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton

35. The Framers ► The Framers are really just men ► They fought with one another on every issue, and forming compromises to resolve the fights

36. The Framers ► James Madison: the “Father of the Constitution,” ; did much of the writing “Jemmy” James Madison

38. Who’s your Bubba?.

39. Two Competing Ideas ► The Virginia Plan  The “Big State Plan”  3 Branches – Legislative, Executive, Judicial, each with checks and balances against the others  Bicameral legislature with representation based on population alone

40. Two Competing Ideas ► The New Jersey Plan  The “Small State Plan”  Unicameral legislature with all states represented equally  Executive would be three presidents, who chose the Judicial branch

41. Compromises ► The Connecticut Compromise  “The Great Compromise”  Bicameral legislature, one house based on population, one on equality The Outstanding Henry Clay

42. How the Great Compromise Works StatePopulation # in House # in Senate California 37 million 532 Arizona 6 million 92 Wyoming 0.5 million 12

43. Compromises ► The 3/5ths Compromise  Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of their populations to get more votes in Congress  *Note* - slaves did NOT get 3/5 ths of a vote!

44. Compromises ► The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise  Southern states feared that slavery would be banned by more heavily populated Northern states in Congress  Compromise prevented Congress from acting on the matter of slave trade for at least 20 years

45. Sources of the Constitution ► Framers pulled from a number of places to get the final product:  Ancient Greece’s Democracy and Rome’s Republic  John Locke’s 2 nd Treatise on Government  Baron de Montesquieu’s ideas about separating the powers of government  Great Britain’s government

46. British Government Bicameral Legislature (House of Lords and Commons) Strong Executive (King) Royal Court System Federal Relationship w/ Colonies Articles of Confederation Unicameral Legislature No Executive No Court System Confederation of States New Constitution Bicameral Legislature (House and Senate) Strong Executive (President) Supreme Court System Federal Government

47. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists ► Federalists – favored ratification of the Constitution and a new federal government ► Anti-Federalists - opposed the new Constitution on almost all grounds  Especially wanted to add a bill of rights

48. Ratifying the Constitution ► Ratify – vote on and pass ► Constitution required that 9 of the 13 states needed to approve it to take effect. ► (show video) (show video) (show video) Did someone say “Rat”ify?

49. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists ► Famous Federalists: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, George Washington (show video) (show video) (show video) ► The Federalist Papers (85 essays) ► Famous Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee