1. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Learning 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation

2. Figure 1 The Effects of a Tax Copyright © 2004 South-Western Size of tax Quantity 0 Price Price buyers pay Price sellers receive Demand Supply Price without tax Quantity without tax Quantity with tax

3. Figure 2 Tax Revenue Copyright © 2004 South-Western Tax revenue (T × Q) Size of tax (T ) Quantity sold (Q) Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Quantity without tax Quantity with tax Price buyers pay Price sellers receive

4. Figure 3 How a Tax Effects Welfare Copyright © 2004 South-Western A F B D C E Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply = PBPB Q2Q2 = PSPS Price buyers pay Price sellers receive = P1P1 Q1Q1 Price without tax

5. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Learning How a Tax Affects Welfare

6. Figure 4 The Deadweight Loss Copyright © 2004 South-Western Cost to sellers Value to buyers Size of tax Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Lost gains from trade Reduction in quantity due to the tax Price without tax Q1Q1 PBPB Q2Q2 PSPS

7. Figure 5 Tax Distortions and Elasticities Copyright © 2004 South-Western (a) Inelastic Supply Price 0Quantity Demand Supply Size of tax When supply is relatively inelastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is small.

8. Figure 5 Tax Distortions and Elasticities Copyright © 2004 South-Western (b) Elastic Supply Price 0 Quantity Demand Supply Size of tax When supply is relatively elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is large.

9. Figure 5 Tax Distortions and Elasticities Copyright © 2004 South-Western Demand Supply (c) Inelastic Demand Price 0 Quantity Size of tax When demand is relatively inelastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is small.

10. Figure 5 Tax Distortions and Elasticities Copyright © 2004 South-Western (d) Elastic Demand Price 0 Quantity Size of tax Demand Supply When demand is relatively elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is large.

11. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Learning Figure 6 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue from Three Taxes of Different Sizes Copyright © 2004 South-Western Tax revenue Demand Supply Quantity 0 Price Q1Q1 (a) Small Tax Deadweight loss PBPB Q2Q2 PSPS

12. Figure 6 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue from Three Taxes of Different Sizes Copyright © 2004 South-Western Tax revenue Quantity 0 Price (b) Medium Tax PBPB Q2Q2 PSPS Supply Demand Q1Q1 Deadweight loss

13. Figure 6 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue from Three Taxes of Different Sizes Copyright © 2004 South-Western Tax revenue Demand Supply Quantity 0 Price Q1Q1 (c) Large Tax PBPB Q2Q2 PSPS Deadweight loss

14. Figure 7 How Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue Vary with the Size of a Tax Copyright © 2004 South-Western (a) Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss 0 Tax Size

15. Figure 7 How Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue Vary with the Size of a Tax Copyright © 2004 South-Western (b) Revenue (the Laffer curve) Tax Revenue 0 Tax Size