1. Decolonization

2. Decolonization European Imperialism  First wave: 15 th to 17 th centuries  Second wave (ca. 1750-1900) New players Facilitated by Industrial Revolution Focus: Asia, Africa European expansion in the Americas

3. Decolonization

5. Indian Independence India before the Raj  Long history  Considerable diversity  Caste system  Mughal Empire

6. Indian Independence The British Raj  Presence began with British East India Company  Great Mutiny of 1857  direct British rule  Promoted industrialization  economic profit Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar (1911)

7. Indian Independence Indian Nationalism  Foreign presence  Indian self-awareness  Indian National Congress (INC) Established 1885 by Indian professionals, intellectuals Agitated for greater share in government, later for independence  Growing discontent after WWI  alliance between Hindus, Muslim League  British repressed Indian “troublemakers”

8. Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)  Lawyer, of privileged family  Hindu  Leader of nationalist forces United all Indians in Congress movement Strategy: collective, nonviolent resistance His followers: “peace soldiers” Confounded British!

9. Indian Independence

11. Independence  Granted 1947  Hindu-Muslim relations deteriorated  partition  India, Pakistan  Civil war!  Gandhi assassinated (1948)  Hostilities remain today

12. Indian Independence Questions?

13. African Independence European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914)  Search for raw materials, cheap labor  International rivalry, nationalism  “The white man’s burden” “The Rubber Coils” (1906)

14. African Independence Decolonization (1950s to 1970s)  Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism  “Africa for Africans”  Paths to independence Orderly, little violence Delayed and violent, due to settler populations

15. South Africa  European settlers  AFRIKANERS  British domination  independence (1910)  Industry, mines  Population Black Africans Afrikaners British

16. South Africa Apartheid  Purpose: official system of social engineering intended to keep races separated  Society Official residents of blacks: BANTUSTANS “Pass laws” Best jobs reserved for whites  Government In hands of white minority Blacks had no political rights

17. South Africa The African Resistance  African National Congress (ANC) Goal: be able to live within existing order Strategy during 1950s: nonviolent civil disobedience  Government response MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960) Banned ANC  Underground adopted violent methods Massacre in Sharpeville

18. South Africa Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)  Attorney  Believed in nonracial social democracy  Joined ANC in 1944, compelled to abandon nonviolent stance  Tried for “crimes” against government (1963-64)  Convicted, sentenced to life imprisonment

19. South Africa The End of Apartheid  South Africa faced internal resistance, international pressure  Mandela released 1990  Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela  end of apartheid  Mandela elected first president of multiracial government (1994-99)

20. South Africa Questions?

21. Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?