1. Data and Computer Communications by William Stallings Eighth Edition Networks and Communication Department 1 Multiplexing Click to edit Master subtitle style Chapter 8

2. Multiplexing Multiplexing allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity. multiple links on 1 physical line Most common use of multiplexing is in long-haul, high capacity, links have FDM, TDM, STDM alternatives

3. Multiplexing-Example

4. Multiplexing The multiplexer combines (multiplexes) data from the n input lines and transmits over a single data link(mdeium). The demultiplexer separates (demultiplexes) the data according to channel, and delivers data to the appropriate output lines.

5. 1)Frequency Division Multiplexing can be used with analog signals. A number of signals are carried simultaneously on the same medium

6. Frequency Division Multiplexing can be used with analog signals Put different signals on different frequency bands using modulations. each signal is modulated onto a different carrier. All the modulated signals are combined to form a composite signal for transmission. signals are carried simultaneously on the same medium To prevent interference, the channels are separated by guard bands, which are unused portions of the spectrum. A general case in Figure 8.2a. Six signal sources are fed into a multiplexer, which modulates each signal onto a different frequency (f 1, …, f 6 ).

7. FDM System Overview1

8. FDM System Overview2

9. Wavelength Division Multiplexing FDM with multiple beams of light at different freq carried over optical fiber links The light streaming through the fiber consists of many colors, or wavelengths architecture similar to other FDM systems  multiplexer combine laser sources for transmission over single fiber  Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths  Demux separates channels at the destination

10. Wavelength Division Multiplexing

11. 2)Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing can be used with digital signals or analog signals carrying digital data data from various sources are carried in repetitive frames. Each frame consists of a set of time slots, and each source is assigned one or more time slots per frame

12. TDM System Overview Interleaving at the bit level or in blocks of bytes

13. TDM System Overview

14. Framing added digit framing  one control bit added to each TDM frame  identifiable bit pattern used to control channel  eg. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel  compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with known sync pattern

15. Pulse Stuffing have problem of synchronizing data sources with clocks in different sources drifting also issue of data rates from different sources Pulse Stuffing a common solution  have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates  stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock  stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer

16. Statistical TDM in Synch TDM many slots are wasted Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand each slot carries an address as well as data. multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full may have problems during peak periods  must buffer inputs

17. Statistical TDM

18. Summary Multiplexing multiple channels on a single link FDM TDM