1. Biotechnolgy

2. Basic Molecular Biology Core of biotechnology

3. Began in 1940’s Scientists studying animal and plant viruses

4. 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick identified the structure of DNA

5. 1960’s The genetic code was worked out

6. 1970’s Restriction enzymes were discovered.

7. Broad range of studies DNA-RNA genetic engineering cloning gene therapy recombinant DNA gene splicing

8. Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acid composed of three parts –a phosphate molecule –a sugar molecule –a nitrogen base molecule

9. Sugar molecules ribose as in RNA deoxyribose as in DNA

10. Nitrogen bases five bases in RNA and DNA

11. DNA Cytosine - C Thymine - T Adenine - A Guanine - G

12. RNA A, C, G & Uracil - U found only in RNA Substitutes for Thymine

13. Structure of DNA genetic material of the cell - makes up the genes genes are organized in chromosomes

14. Chromosomes make up the genetic info of the cell or genome

15. The nucleotides….. ACT&G form two long strands The strands are complimentary Bases on one strand are paired with those on the other strand

16. Base Pairing A with T C with G ALWAYS this way!

17. 1. The DNA Structure was identified by….. A. Smith and Wesson B. Watson and Edison C. Watson and Crick D. Hodges and Kadinger

18. 2. Nucleotides are: A. building blocks of nucleic acids B. building blocks of proteins C. sugar molecules D. high and low tides caused by phases of the moon

19. 3. The four bases in DNA include Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine and _____ A. Adenoid B. Uracil C. Adenine D. Adipose

20. 4. When was the structure of DNA identified A. 1935 B. 1948 C. 1928 D. 1953

21. Double Helix forms when the two strands intertwine like a ribbon around a pole

22. Antiparallel The two strands run antiparallel They face each other and run in opposite directions

23. Strands run in different directions one strand runs from 5’ to 3’ the other strand runs 3’to 5’

24. Prime ends 3’ & 5’ are differentiated by the arrangement of the sugar on each nucleotide 5’ ends in a Phosphate (P) 3’ ends in a Hydroxide (OH)

25. DNA Structure unique for three reasons complimentarity of the two strands - base pairing variability of base sequence along the two linear strands

26. DNA Structure independence of the two strands –their ability to separate and rejoin without destroying the molecule.

27. DNA in Humans 6 billion base pairs in a human cell 100 trillion cells in human body. DNA in a human would reach to the moon and back 250,000 times

28. Turns of the helix There are ten base pairs per complete turn of the helix Distance of one complete turn of the helix is 34 A ( Angstrums)

29. Functions of DNA carry genetic information express genetic information

30. Express genetic info directs the synthesis of proteins proteins determine the traits of an organism

31. 5. How many base pairs are in each turn of the DNA helix A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 11

32. 6. The bases in DNA pair this way: A. A with T, G with U B. A with U, T with C C. C with G, T with U D. A with T, C with G

33. 7. The four bases found in RNA are A. cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine B. cytosine, thymine, uracil, guanine C. cytosine, uragoof, adenine, guanine D. cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine

34. Eukaryotic Cells having a true membrane bound nucleus DNA of nucleus is stored by wrapping it around five proteins to form a nucleosome.

35. Nucleosome forms the chromosome the genes are located along the DNA molecule chromosomes occur in pairs

36. 8. The sequence of bases in a strand of DNA is represented by TACCAG, what would be the sequence in the complementary DNA strand? A. TACCAG B. UADDAG C. ATGGTC D. AUGGUC

37. 9. What would be the sequence of bases in RNA transcribed from the sequence TACCAG? A. TACCAG B. UACCAG C. ATGGTC D. AUGGUC

38. Prokaryotic Cells chromosome is not associated with proteins exists as a single, circular chromosome of double stranded DNA. Also contain smaller circular DNA called a plasmid

39. Plasmids can pass between bacteria are vehicles for introducing new genes into bacteria in nature and in the lab

40. Transcription Replication goes from the 5’ to the 3’ end of DNA

41. Reading DNA DNA is read from 3’ to 5”

42. Synthesis of DNA synthesized only in the 5’ to 3’ direction Cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand - requires a 3’OH as a primer

43. Types of RNA messenger - mRNA carries the code for a protein

44. Codon sequence of three bases each three bases represents an amino acid

45. Transfer RNA tRNA carries appropriate Amino Acid with it anticodon - pairs with the codon

46. 10. A codon is made up of ____ bases. A. three B. four C. five D. eighteen

47. 11. In RNA, Uracil pairs with__ A. Cytosine B. Guanine C. Thymine D. Adenine

48. Ribosomal RNA rRNA required for bonding to occur by Amino Acids Ribosome has two parts –big –small