1. 11 Using the Keyboard in XNA Session 9.1

2. Session Overview  Discover more detail on how the XNA keyboard is implemented  Find out how to use arrays to find out which keys have been pressed on the keyboard  See how custom type has been created in XNA to represent key presses and how to use these in your programs  Start to create a message board program  Discover more detail on how the XNA keyboard is implemented  Find out how to use arrays to find out which keys have been pressed on the keyboard  See how custom type has been created in XNA to represent key presses and how to use these in your programs  Start to create a message board program Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA2

3. Game Idea: “Message Board”  We know how to create good looking text  We can also make animated backgrounds and display a clock  We can combine all these abilities to create a message board  First we need to read the keyboard  We know how to create good looking text  We can also make animated backgrounds and display a clock  We can combine all these abilities to create a message board  First we need to read the keyboard Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA3

4. Reading the Keyboard  We have already used the keyboard in our XNA programs  We used it to make a keyboard version of “Color Nerve”  If the R key is pressed the red intensity value will be increased  We have already used the keyboard in our XNA programs  We used it to make a keyboard version of “Color Nerve”  If the R key is pressed the red intensity value will be increased Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA4 if (pad1.Buttons.B == ButtonState.Pressed || keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.R)) { redIntensity++; }

5. Levels and Edges  This kind of input is managed by level  Every time we test the key we will find that it is down  If we just tested for keys in this way, we would have an “auto repeat” that worked 60 times a second  This kind of input is managed by level  Every time we test the key we will find that it is down  If we just tested for keys in this way, we would have an “auto repeat” that worked 60 times a second Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA5 if (pad1.Buttons.B == ButtonState.Pressed || keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.R)) { redIntensity++; }

6. Detecting that a Key Has Been Pressed  To detect a key being pressed we have to do what we did before with the Button Bash game  We have to compare the current state of the key with the previous state  A changes in the two states will mean that a key has been pressed or released  To detect a key being pressed we have to do what we did before with the Button Bash game  We have to compare the current state of the key with the previous state  A changes in the two states will mean that a key has been pressed or released Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA6 if (keyState.IsKeyDown(Keys.R) && oldKeyState.IsKeyUp(Keys.R)) { // if we get here the key R has just been pressed } if (keyState.IsKeyDown(Keys.R) && oldKeyState.IsKeyUp(Keys.R)) { // if we get here the key R has just been pressed }

7. Detecting All the Keys  To detect all the keys on a keyboard we would have to repeat this process for every single key  This is possible, but would be very tedious  Fortunately XNA provides an easier way of finding out what keys have been pressed, using arrays  To detect all the keys on a keyboard we would have to repeat this process for every single key  This is possible, but would be very tedious  Fortunately XNA provides an easier way of finding out what keys have been pressed, using arrays Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA7

8. Finding Out the State of the Keyboard  To get hold of the state of the keyboard we can use the GetState method  This returns a value of type KeyboardState which describes the state of the keyboard at the time of the call  To get hold of the state of the keyboard we can use the GetState method  This returns a value of type KeyboardState which describes the state of the keyboard at the time of the call Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA8 KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); Keys[] pressedKeys; pressedKeys = keyState.GetPressedKeys(); KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); Keys[] pressedKeys; pressedKeys = keyState.GetPressedKeys();

9. Discovering Which Keys Are Currently Pressed  The GetPressedKeys method can be called on a KeyboardState value  The method returns an array which holds a list of keys that are pressed down  In the code above, the array pressedKeys is set to the value returned by GetPressedKeys  The GetPressedKeys method can be called on a KeyboardState value  The method returns an array which holds a list of keys that are pressed down  In the code above, the array pressedKeys is set to the value returned by GetPressedKeys Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA9 KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); Keys[] pressedKeys; pressedKeys = keyState.GetPressedKeys(); KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); Keys[] pressedKeys; pressedKeys = keyState.GetPressedKeys();

10. Creating a String of Key Names  This for loop assembles a list of the keys that are presently pressed and puts their descriptions into a string variable called messageString  The string can be displayed by the Draw method  It does this by working through the array of pressed keys  This for loop assembles a list of the keys that are presently pressed and puts their descriptions into a string variable called messageString  The string can be displayed by the Draw method  It does this by working through the array of pressed keys Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA10 messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; } messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; }

11. Creating an Empty String  The messageString will hold a string of text that describes each of the keys that has been pressed  It must be cleared to an empty string at the start  This assignment sets messageString to an empty string  The messageString will hold a string of text that describes each of the keys that has been pressed  It must be cleared to an empty string at the start  This assignment sets messageString to an empty string Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA11 messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; } messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; }

12. Creating a for Loop to Work Down the Array  The for loop needs to know the size of the pressedKeys array  All arrays provide a Length property which returns an integer giving the number of elements in the array  This is used to control the for loop  The for loop needs to know the size of the pressedKeys array  All arrays provide a Length property which returns an integer giving the number of elements in the array  This is used to control the for loop Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA12 messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; } messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; }

13. Assembling the Message String  We have used the + operator between numbers to perform addition  When + is used between strings it actually puts one string on the end of the other  This statement adds a key description onto the end of the string, along with a separator space  We have used the + operator between numbers to perform addition  When + is used between strings it actually puts one string on the end of the other  This statement adds a key description onto the end of the string, along with a separator space Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA13 messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; } messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; }

14. Getting the Key Description  You can ask any object in a program to provide a string description of itself  You do this by calling the ToString method on that object  We are asking each key to describe itself  You can ask any object in a program to provide a string description of itself  You do this by calling the ToString method on that object  We are asking each key to describe itself Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA14 messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; } messageString = ""; for (int i = 0; i < pressedKeys.Length; i++) { messageString = messageString + pressedKeys[i].ToString() + " " ; }

15. Displaying the Message  The Draw method just displays the string  messageString and messageVector are variables in the game world  The Draw method just displays the string  messageString and messageVector are variables in the game world Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA15 protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); spriteBatch.Begin(); spriteBatch.DrawString(font, messageString, messageVector, Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); spriteBatch.Begin(); spriteBatch.DrawString(font, messageString, messageVector, Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); }

16. 1. Key Viewer Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA16  This program displays a list of keys that are pressed  Note that each key is uniquely identified, including the left and right shift keys  This program displays a list of keys that are pressed  Note that each key is uniquely identified, including the left and right shift keys

17. Representing Keys in XNA  The designers of XNA needed something to represent keys on the keyboard  Some of the keys were printable characters, others were control keys such as shift and escape  They wanted users of the keyboard to be able to work with any key value that could be produced  To solve this problem they created an enumerated type called Keys  The designers of XNA needed something to represent keys on the keyboard  Some of the keys were printable characters, others were control keys such as shift and escape  They wanted users of the keyboard to be able to work with any key value that could be produced  To solve this problem they created an enumerated type called Keys Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA17

18. Enumerated Types and the Keys Type  The word “enumerate” means to count  In C# an enumerated type is one that can hold a particular number of values  In the case of the keyboard, the XNA designers wanted to hold values for every available key, but no more than that  They therefore created an enumerated type called Keys  The word “enumerate” means to count  In C# an enumerated type is one that can hold a particular number of values  In the case of the keyboard, the XNA designers wanted to hold values for every available key, but no more than that  They therefore created an enumerated type called Keys Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA18

19. Why Make an Enumerated Type?  There is no need to use an enumerated type  The XNA designers could just have assigned some values for the keys:  0 means left shift  1 means right shift  2 means the A key  However programmers could then use meaningless values, which would do strange things  An attempt to use key number 1001 might break the program  There is no need to use an enumerated type  The XNA designers could just have assigned some values for the keys:  0 means left shift  1 means right shift  2 means the A key  However programmers could then use meaningless values, which would do strange things  An attempt to use key number 1001 might break the program Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA19

20. Creating Your Own Enumerated Types  Later in the course you will create your own enumerated types  You can regard these as variable types where you get to choose the values which are allowed  They are used a lot in situations where items must be in one of a number of different states:  Bank account: open, suspended, closed  Video game: attract mode, playing, showing high score  Person: happy, sad, angry, upset  Later in the course you will create your own enumerated types  You can regard these as variable types where you get to choose the values which are allowed  They are used a lot in situations where items must be in one of a number of different states:  Bank account: open, suspended, closed  Video game: attract mode, playing, showing high score  Person: happy, sad, angry, upset Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA20

21. Enumerated Types and Intellisense  Since Microsoft Visual Studio can find out what values an enumerated type can take, it can show you these automatically  This is an example of the way that the development tool can work with the language that you are using  Since Microsoft Visual Studio can find out what values an enumerated type can take, it can show you these automatically  This is an example of the way that the development tool can work with the language that you are using Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA21

22. Summary  The keyboard is used in a very similar way to the gamepad, with a GetState method returning an object that describes the state of the keyboard  Your code can ask for the state of an individual key, or it can ask for an array that provides a list of all the keys that are pressed down  To detect a key being pressed an XNA game must use edge detection  An enumerated type has a specific set of values  The keyboard is used in a very similar way to the gamepad, with a GetState method returning an object that describes the state of the keyboard  Your code can ask for the state of an individual key, or it can ask for an array that provides a list of all the keys that are pressed down  To detect a key being pressed an XNA game must use edge detection  An enumerated type has a specific set of values Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA22

23. True/False Revision Quiz  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values.  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values. Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA23

24. True/False Revision Quiz  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values.  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values. Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA24

25. True/False Revision Quiz  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values.  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values. Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA25

26. True/False Revision Quiz  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values.  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values. Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA26

27. True/False Revision Quiz  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values.  An XNA program uses a GetState method to read the status of a keyboard.  A keyboard can only detect a single key press at a time.  The Length property can be used to determine how many elements an array contains.  An enumerated type has a particular set of allowed values. Chapter 9.1: Using the Keyboard in XNA27