1. Free and Enslaved

2. The Free African American Population Free African American population steadily increased following the American Revolution 1790===>59,000 1830===>319,000 1860===>488,000

3. Routes to Freedom Bought freedom Freed by owners Runaways

4. Limits on Freedom to FREE African Americans South Denied right to vote, trial by jury and to testifying Could not attend public schools Required to carry freedom passes Denied right to reenter a state Congregating North Equal voting rights to AA men in ME, MA, NH, VT; in NY AA men had to pay $250 Some states prohibited testifying and serving on juries Public schools closed to AA

5. Earning a Living South Carpenters Tailors Shoemakers A number of free African Americans became wealthy Thomas Lafon of N.O. built a real estate fortune worth $500,000 Aaron Ashworth owned 2,470 cattle/4,578 acres of land North Furniture makers, barbers, tailors, servants Jobs were scarce

6. Paul Cuffe Successful entrepreneur Born in1759 Sea captain Spent money to set up a colony of African Americans in Sierra Leone 1,400 had settled in Sierra Leone

7. Fragile Freedom Paid money for education Teachers, both black and white set up schools Began attending colleges/universities in the North—doctors, lawyers, writers, ministers Established newspapers, books, etc Northern cities formed 45+ mutual-aid societies to provide help to families; they also established libraries and reading rooms Efforts were made to send AA back to Africa